You Down With CRCT? Ya, You Know Me!

1. You Down With CRCT? Ya, You Know Me!

2. Let’s Review

3. Every living thing is made of cells! 1.CELLS 2.TISSUES 3.ORGANS 4.ORGAN SYSTEM 5.ORGANISM

4. Comparing Concepts: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells How are they ALIKE? Both have DNA Cell membrane Both can have a cell wall (Eukaryotic plant cells) Both can be unicellular Ribosomes Cytoplasm Both can have a flagellum

5. Comparing Concepts: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells How are they DIFFERENT? Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Can be unicellular or multicellular Always unicellular No nucleus with free-floating circular DNA Has a nucleus with DNA enclosed inside No organelles (except ribosomes) Have organelles Includes plants, animals, protists and fungi Bacteria ONLY!

6. Comparing Concepts: Plant vs. Animal Cells How are they ALIKE? Both have DNA Cell membrane Both are Eukaryotic Both form multicellular organisms Both have organelles- Golgi, ER, Mitochondria, Vacuole, Lysosome, etc Cytoplasm Both conduct cellular respiration

7. Comparing Concepts: Plant vs. Animal Cells How are they DIFFERENT? Plant Cells Animal Cells Cell Wall No cell wall No chloroplast - can’t make own food (Heterotroph/consumer) Chloroplast to make food (Autotroph/producer) Large, single vacuole Many small vacuoles Cellular Respiration (mitochondria) AND photosynthesis (chloroplast) Cellular Respiration ONLY! Store excess food as Oil Stores excess food as Fat

8. 1. What type of cell is pictured to the right? A. bacteria B. plant C. multi-celled D. animal 2. What is one of the main functions of the nucleus of an animal cell? • It captures sunlight to produce food. • It is the place where energy is produced for the animal. C. It defends the cell from infections. D. It stores the genetic information of the animal. 3.  Which of the following organelles is most important in providing energy to a cell? A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. vacuole D. cell membrane

9. 4. The ____allows plants to produce food from sunlight while the ____ converts the food into energy. • mitochondria; chloroplast • nucleus; mitochondria • cell wall; mitochondria • chloroplast; mitochondria

10. Let’s review some general genetics info before we begin: Dominant The gene that is expressed Recessive The gene that is hidden Homozygous/Purebred Two of the same allele/gene Heterozygous/Hybrid Two different alleles/genes Genotype The letter combination of genes Phenotype The physical expression of the genes Selective breeding Breeding two organisms with the best traits Genetic Engineering Taking DNA out of one organism and putting it into another organism Allele The letters that represent the genes

11. 5. A scientist crossed a purebred (homozygous) long-winged male fruit fly with a purebred short-winged fruit fly. Long wings are dominant over short wings. Using the letter “F”, what is the probability that the offspring will have long wings? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d.100% 6. A grasshopper has 24 chromosomes in its body cells. How many chromosomes are in each sex cell of a grasshopper? a. 6 b. 12 c. 24 d. 48 7. Genes are carried by structures called a. Chromosomes b. Alleles c. Hybrids d. Dominants 8. In humans, the allele for a cleft chin (C) is dominant. A woman with the genotype cc has children with a man with the genotype Cc. If the couple has six children, how many children would you logically expect to have a cleft chin? a. 0 b. 1 c. 3 d. 6

12. 9. On Mauritius, there once lived a large bird called a dodo. Dodo birds liked to eat fruits from the pandanus plant and nuts from poplar trees. In the 1500s, people brought hogs to the island that ate the dodos’ eggs. People also started hunting the dodo. Soon, the last dodo was hunted down and killed. In this story, which animal or plant became extinct? A. the pandanus B. the dodo bird C. the hog D. people 10. Which pair of animal groups below includes only warm-blooded creatures? A. mammals and birds B. amphibians and mammals C. arachnids and reptiles D. insects and amphibians 11. If a new animal was discovered that spent half of its life underwater breathing with gills and half of its life on land breathing with lungs, which group of animals would it most likely fit into? A. fish B. insect C. mammal D. amphibian 12. An unknown species of plant has true leaves, stems, and roots, and its seeds are enclosed in a cone. If this unknown species is often found in cold places, what species is it? A. Evergreen/Conifer B. Flowering Plant C. Weeping Willow D. Fern 13. A scientist who studies organisms that inhabit the harsh climate of hot springs is studying members of which kingdom? A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Fungi D. Archaebacteria

13. 14. Which characteristic is true of ALL Protists? a. Unicellular b. Multicellular c. Prokaryotic d. eukaryotic 15. Which of the following describes vascular plants? A. They rely only on osmosis and diffusion B. They remain small in size • They grow in or near water D. They have roots, stems, leaves 16. The organism shown consists of only one eukaryotic cell. It cannot make its own food. If it is not a fungus it must be a a. Bacterium b. Protist c. Plant d. Animal • The monarch butterfly is toxic to birds. Over time, viceroy butterflies have adapted a wing color and pattern that is very similar to the appearance of monarch butterflies. What is the most likely advantage of this adaptation? • There is no advantage of this adaptation. B. Birds will mistake viceroys for monarchs and thus will not eat the viceroys. C. The viceroys will be able to fly faster to flee possible predators. D. The viceroys will also be toxic to birds.

14. Classification Review Now let’s review the levels of Classification: 18. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 19. Which two parts make up a scientific name? Genus and species 20. What rules do we use to write a scientific name? Genus always starts with a capital letter, species is always lowercase, and they must either always be italicized or underlined. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

15. Gimme 5! Graphic Organizer: Kingdoms Today we are going to use our brains and our HANDS to help us remember the characteristics of the SIX KINGDOMS! We’ll start with the Index finger! RING MIDDLE PINKY INDEX THUMB

16. Gimme 5! Six Kingdoms MONERANS You’re Number ONE!! • MONErans (Mono = One) • ONE cell – Unicellular • BacteriaONLY • Eubacteria & Archaebacteria • Prokaryotic • NO Nucleus- free floating DNA • NO Organelles • HeterotrophORAutotroph RING INDEX PINKY THUMB THUMB

17. Gimme 5! Six Kingdoms PINKY & PROTISTS both start with “P”!! • Eukaryotic • YES Nucleus • YES Organelles • Unicellular • May form MULTICELLULAR colonies • HETEROTROPH or AUTOTROPH • Can be… • ANIMAL-LIKE • Amoeba • PLANT-LIKE • Algae • FUNGUS-LIKE • Slime Mold RING MIDDLE THUMB THUMB PINKY INDEX THUMB THUMB THUMB

18. Gimme 5! Six Kingdoms I have a RING on my finger because I married a “FUN GUY”! (FUNGI) • Eukaryotic • YES Nucleus • YES Organelles • Multicellular (except yeast) • Heterotroph- absorb nutrients • Reproduce with SPORES • Have HYPHAE RING MIDDLE PINKY INDEX THUMB

19. Gimme 5! Six Kingdoms The MIDDLE finger is the LONGEST, representing the LARGEST GROUP, ANIMALIA, Eukaryotic • YES Nucleus • YES Organelles • Multicellular • HeterotrophONLY • Reproduce SEXUALLY & ASEXUALLY • Vertebrates & Invertebrates MIDDLE PINKY INDEX THUMB

20. Gimme 5! Six Kingdoms People who are great with PLANTSare said to have a “GREEN THUMB”! • Eukaryotic • YES Nucleus • YES Organelles • YES Cell Wall • YES Chloroplasts • Multicellular • Autotrophs - Photosynthesis • Reproduce SEXUALLY & ASEXUALLY RING MIDDLE PINKY INDEX THUMB

21. 21. Which of the following is a secondary consumer in the diagram shown above? A. algae B. earthworm C. duck D. tadpole 22. Which of the following is a decomposer in the diagram shown above? A. tadpole B. grasshopper C. bacteria D. snake 23.  In the diagram above, where does "decayed matter" come from? A. dead plants and animals B. volcanic eruptions C. weathered rocks D. precipitation 24. What is the diagram above called? A. Energy Pyramid B. Food Chain C. Energy Web D. Food Web 25. Which choice below shows the organization of the biosphere from the most specific category to the broadest category? A. organism community population ecosystem biosphere B. organism population community biosphere ecosystem C. organism population community ecosystem biosphere D. organism community population biosphere ecosystem

22. Strategies for Taking Standardized Tests

23. Multiple Choice Questions • Read the question and all answer choices before marking anything.

24. Key Words • Find key words or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.

25. I know C isn’t the answer! The Process of Elimination • If you’re stuck on a particular question, look at all of your answer choices and get rid of answers that aren’t correct.

26. The Process of Elimination • If you can eliminate two wrong answers, your chance of choosing the right answer is greater.

27. A Matter of Time • If any time remains, spend it on those questions about which you know nothing or almost nothing.

28. Return, Check • If you finish early, check to make sure you have answered all questions.

29. 26. The main force that results in evolutionary adaptation is _______. A. genetic engineering B. selective breeding C. asexual reproduction D. natural selection 27. Jamie has a rash on her arm due to a bacterial infection. Her doctor gave her an antibiotic to help kill the bacteria. Jamie was taking the antibiotic every day, but she stopped taking it when the rash started going away. A week later, her rash started growing to its full size. She started taking the antibiotic again, but this time, it did not affect the bacteria. Did the bacteria adapt? A. Yes; the bacteria developed a toxin that produced a rash on the host. B. Yes; the bacteria most likely mutated and developed a tolerance to the antibiotic. C. No; asexually-reproducing organisms cannot adapt. D. No; adaptations cannot result in a tolerance to antibiotics.

30. 28. What function does the membrane perform in an animal cell? • contains the genetic material of the cell • helps control transport of material into and out of the cell • captures sunlight to produce food • provides a rigid shape to the cell 29. Which cell part is found inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus of an animal cell? A. cytoplasm B. cell membrane C. chloroplast D. cell wall 30. If you used a peach as a model of an animal cell, what would the peach’s skin represent? A. nucleus B. cell membrane C. cell wall D. cytoplasm

31. 31. In guinea pigs, a rough coat (R) is dominant over a smooth coat (r). What must be the genotype of a guinea pig with a smooth coat? a. RR b. Rr c. rr d. RrR 32. How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? • It involves only one parent • It results in a single offspring • It occurs only in organisms that live in water • It does not involve the copying of genetic information 33. The Punnett square shows the results of a cross between two guinea pigs. Which represents the genotypes of the two parents? a. Bb and Bb b. BB and Bb c. BB and bb d. bb and bb 34. Two parents have three children. They are two girls and one boy. What is the probability that the next child will be a boy? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% 35. A scientist crossed potato plants to combine the disease resistance of one plant with the food-producing capacity of another. He used the process of a. Inbreeding b. Crop rotation c. Hybridization d. cloning

32. 36. Select the choice that best completes the following sentence: A normal human body cell has a total of ___ chromosomes: ___ chromosomes come from the mother and ___ chromosomes come from the father. A. 23, 12, 11 B. 23, 11, 12 C. 92, 46, 46 D. 46, 23, 23 37. The genotype of an organism has two of the same alleles. This is called a ______ genotype. A. heterozygous B. homozygous C. homologous D. heterologous 38. In wild strawberry plants, stems are capable of arching downward and taking root in the ground, resulting in the formation of a new plant. This is an example of _________ reproduction. A. homozygous B. heterozygous C. sexual D. asexual