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Bridges: Past, Present, and Future

Bridges: Past, Present, and Future. Dr. Lisa Spainhour Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering. What Defines a Bridge?. Four main factors define a bridge Span (simple, continuous, cantilever) Travel surface (deck, pony, through) Form (beam, arch, truss, etc.)

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Bridges: Past, Present, and Future

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  1. Bridges: Past, Present, and Future Dr. Lisa Spainhour Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering

  2. What Defines a Bridge? • Four main factors define a bridge • Span (simple, continuous, cantilever) • Travel surface (deck, pony, through) • Form (beam, arch, truss, etc.) • Material (timber, concrete, steel)

  3. Bridge Basics—Span Types

  4. Bridge Basics—Travel Surface

  5. Bridge Basics—Types • Five main types of bridges • Beam bridge • Truss bridge • Arch bridge • Cable-stayed bridge • Suspension bridge • Bridges may combine different types

  6. Beam Bridges • Simple span: top surface in compression, bottom in tension • Cantilever span: top in tension, bottom in compression • Best for spans < 1000’, requires many supports to cross a long distance

  7. Beam Bridges—Types

  8. Beam Bridges—Examples Pony plate girder bridge Stone footbridges

  9. Beam Bridges—Examples I-540/I-70 Interchange, NC Lincove Viaduct, NC I-44, 16th St. Overpass, OK

  10. Truss Bridges • Overall behavior like a beam with less material in the middle • Each member either in tension (e.g. bottom chord) or compression (e.g. top chord) • Rigid because bar ends pinned into triangles • Best for spans < 2000’. Cantilever truss Simple truss

  11. Truss Bridges—Types

  12. Truss Bridges—Examples Baihe Bridge, China Stillwater Bridge, MN Bridge No. 1482, MN Smithfield Street Bridge, PA

  13. Covered Truss Bridges Stone Mt. Covered Bridge, GA Germantown Covered Bridge, OH Inverted bowstring truss (1870’s) Town lattice truss (1830’s)

  14. Cantilever Truss Bridges Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge, NY Firth of Forth, Scotland (1890)

  15. Arch Bridges • Under load, ends try to move outward, require strong abutments or ties to resist spreading • When supported at ends, arch is in compression • Best for spans of 1000’ to 2000’.

  16. Arch Bridges—Types

  17. Arch Bridges—Examples The Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France (Ca. 100 AD) Thomas Aqueduct, MD (1835) Rio Cobre Bridge, Jamaica (1800) Wrought-Iron Ties, Cast-Iron Deck

  18. Arch Bridges—Construction New River Bridge, WV Natchez Trace Arch, TN

  19. Tied Arch Bridges—Examples Bayonne Bridge, NJ Willamette River Bridge, OR I-64 Ohio River Bridge, IN

  20. Suspension Bridges • Cables (thousands of steel wires) under tension • Towers under compression • Require anchorages at ends to resist span deflection, bending of towers • Best for spans of > 3000’.

  21. Suspension Bridges—Examples Menai Suspension Bridge, United Kingdom (1826), Removed from service in 1940 Luding Iron-chain Bridge, Over Dadu River, China (1705-06)

  22. Suspension Bridges—Examples Humber Bridge, England Brooklyn Bridge, NY Golden Gate Bridge,CA

  23. Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure “Galloping Gertie” After Failure Approach Span, After Failure Replacement Bridge

  24. Cable-Stayed Bridges • Cables under tension • Towers, deck under compression (w/post-tensioning) • No end anchorages, require less cable, and are faster to build than suspension bridges • Best for spans of 1000’ to 3000’.

  25. Cable-Stayed Bridges—Examples Sunshine Skyway, FL Clark Bridge, IL Puente del V Centerario Seville, Spain Normandy Bridge, France

  26. Cable-Stayed Bridges—Examples Footbridge, Aarhus, Denmark Santarem-Almeirim Bridge, Portugal Salzburg, Austria

  27. Cable-Stayed Bridges—Examples Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, Over Charles River Boston, MA

  28. Bridge Basics—Materials • Past • Stone • Timber* • Iron • Present • Steel* • Steel-Reinforced Concrete • Prestressed Concrete* • Future • Those with asterisks • Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP’s) • ???

  29. Bridge Materials—FRP Wickwire Run Bridge, West Virginia “No-Name Creek” Bridge, Kansas

  30. Footbridges—Entirely FRP Fiberline Bridge, Denmark Parson’s Bridge, Wales Aberfeldy Footbridge, Scotland

  31. Modern Timber Bridges • Gluelam Beams & Arches • Short lengths of treated wood bonded with epoxy • Stiff, strong components • Custom designed off-site • Natural, aesthetic appearance Keystone Wye Bridge, South Dakota, 1968 Unknown

  32. Modern Timber Bridges • Stress-Laminated Bridge Decks • Short lengths of treated wood run lengthwise • Steel or FRP rods crosswise through holes in deck • Stressing the rods puts steel in tension, timber in compression. Creates strong, stiff deck. Wisconsin River Bridge Steel rod anchorage

  33. Summary/Questions • Four main factors define a bridge • Span (simple, continuous, cantilever) • Travel surface (deck, pony, through) • Form (beam, arch, truss, etc.) • Material (timber, concrete, steel) • Each is suitable for different sites/conditions • What factors affect the selection/design of a bridge?

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