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Civic Integration Abroad Dutch style and à la française

Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM . Civic Integration Abroad Dutch style and à la française. The framing of social cohesion in civic integration policies Copenhagen University , 10 September 2009. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM . Introduction

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Civic Integration Abroad Dutch style and à la française

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  1. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM Civic IntegrationAbroadDutch style and à la française The framing of social cohesion in civicintegrationpolicies CopenhagenUniversity, 10 September 2009

  2. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM Introduction Civic integration abroad for family migrants : Introduced in the Netherlands in 2005 and in France in 2007 Research question: How can we explain that in France and in the Netherlands, political discourses about the problem of migration, integration and social cohesion which were strikingly similar, resulted in civic integration abroad policies that are significantly different? Outline: 1. The problem of migration, integration and social cohesion 2. The solution: civic integration abroad 3. Explaining difference: party politics 4. Explaining difference: judicial constraints

  3. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM • The problem of migration, integration and social cohesion • according to French and Dutch politicians: • Society disintegrating into antagonistic groups • Migrants turning away from society and pulling back into own group • Primary victims: women of migrant origin • Socio-economic disadvantage overlaps with and reinforces cultural differences • Most problematic cultural differences : • Religion and Church-State relations • Gender, family and sexuality The problem The solution Party politics Judicialconstraints

  4. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM The solution: civic integration abroad • France: • French language and Republican values • Admission if : participation • Courses provided by government • Free of charge for the applicant • Intended effects: • Better preparation for migration • Better leverage to ensure participation • Evaluation of motivation • The Netherlands: • Dutch language and society • Admission if : exam passed • No courses or learning material • 350 € exam fee • Intended effects: • Better preparation for migration • Better informed choice • Strong appeal to responsibility • Selection mechanism The problem The solution Party politics Judicial constraints

  5. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM The solution: civic integration abroad France: Additional means provided to migrants to improve their integration The Netherlands: Many family migrants have ‘characteristics that are adverse to a good integration in society’ Select those with sufficient ‘motivation and perseverance’ The problem of social cohesion will be solved: By obliging migrants to learn about language and customs before entry, and, in the Netherlands: by refusing entry to migrants unlikely to ‘fit’ The problem The solution Party politics Judicial constraints

  6. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM Explaining the difference: Party politics Left-Wing opposition: France : both Socialist Party and far-Left unanimously opposed Netherlands: all parties except the Greens in favour • Why did the French and Dutch Left respond so differently ? • Political culture: consensus versus opposition government? • After the ‘Fortuyn-revolt’ of 2002: restore the legitimacy of Dutch politics The problem The solution Party politics Judicialconstraints

  7. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM • Explaining the difference: Judicial constraints • European judicial norms: • Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights • EU Directive on Family Reunification (2003) • In France, in addition: • ‘principegénéral du droit’: constitutional right to a normal family life • Introducing exam fees or requirement of result : infringement on Constitution • No such constitutional protection exists in the Netherlands • Dutch courts seem to leave more room for restrictive family migration policies than French courts. The problem The solution Party politics Judicialconstraints

  8. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM Conclusion Based on similar problem definitions, French and Dutch politicians opted for very different policy solutions because of: Different dynamics of party politics Different judicial constraints Relative weight of these two factors?

  9. Saskia Bonjour METICES / MAM Civic IntegrationAbroadDutch style and à la française The framing of social cohesion in civicintegrationpolicies CopenhagenUniversity, 10 September 2009

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