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Nanotechnology and the paper/forest product industry

Nanotechnology and the paper/forest product industry. Dan Coughlin Paul Gilbert Steven Masia Tety Roper. Growing Trend in Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology Based on the Application in Various Market Segment. Mechanical Tailoring and control ( Lightweight paper with high strength= Aerogel ).

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Nanotechnology and the paper/forest product industry

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  1. Nanotechnology andthe paper/forest product industry Dan Coughlin Paul Gilbert Steven Masia Tety Roper

  2. Growing Trend in Nanotechnology

  3. Nanotechnology Based on the Application in Various Market Segment

  4. Mechanical Tailoring and control (Lightweight paper with high strength= Aerogel) Electronic Functionality and Sensing (Printed electronics – displays, solar cells, fuel cells, medical sensors) Surface Functionality and Tailoring ( Hydrophobic /Hydrophilic Biosensors) Optical properties (Specialized optics by photonic nanostructure) Lignocellulose Control and conformation tailoring ( Improved construction materials) Modeling “Smart” Cellulose structures (Piezoelectric- Electro-rheostatic and Magneto-rheostatic ) Application Areas Nano-lignocellulosics Thermal Properties and functionality ( Controlled heat conductivity and capacity) Polymer Interaction and control of water interaction (Improve dimensional stability) Particle interaction and Grafting (Self assembly and reinforcement for tensile strength, and elasticity) Nano scale Polysaccharide Processing ( New biopolymers – Ethanol biorefinery) Nanoscale composites (Formation of nanofibers for composite processing) Porosity and Control ( Improved filtration and membranes – Improved printability)

  5. Nanotechnology • Current Products, Approaches and New Processes • Current challenges • Forest Nanomaterials • Strength improvements • Water-Lignocellulose interaction • Cellulose nanocomposites • Viscose and Rayon containing Nanoparticles • Applications of Nanopigments and Nanocoatings • Photonics and Electronic/Piezo properties • What is possible?

  6. Current Products, Approaches and New Processes

  7. Current products • Method of making paper products using calcium carbonate nanoparticles. • US patent: 20050247421 • Retention systems: • http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/doc_bookstore.asp?CID=5071&DID=526601 • http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/doc_bookstore.asp?CID=5071&DID=526602 • http://www.papermaking-chemistry.com/spring05.htm

  8. Cellulose Synthesis and Material Production: Nature Working Across a Length Scale >1010! Cellulose nanofiber bundles 6 Assembly proteins (rosette) which produces cellulose nanofibers ~28nm www.ita.doc.gov/td/forestprod/ jupiter.phys.ttu.edu/corner/1999/dec99.pdf Candace Haigler and Larry Blanton, Cellulose: “You're surrounded by it, but did you know it was there?” Source: Jeffery Catchmark , Penn State University

  9. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  10. Nanotechnology in Paper Application • Nano-Engineering Particle Surfaces • Controlled particle dispersion in polymer matrix • Improved effectiveness of light scattering • Protection of filler or pigment from external influences • Improved compatibility by promoting interaction between filler with binder or co-binder • Increased surface area leading to improved ink receptibility • Stimuli responsive triggered by pH, temperature, moisture, or magnetic response • Nanofiber Key – Utilized key learning in other areas. For example: nanotechnology based on sol-gel reaction has been known in semiconductor for a long time – re-inventing this (architectural coating, abrasive resistant topcoat in automotive)

  11. Controlled Modification of Clay platelets • Physical Approach – driven by electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged species that generates a stable end product • Chemical Approach – functionalization of clay surface using covalent bonded molecules allowing the tuning of hydrophobicity and functionality D.J. Voorn, W. Ming, A.M. van Herk, Macromolecular Symposia 2006, 245-246, 584-590 “Dumb-bell” shaped clay with latex on the clay surface

  12. Electrospinning of Nanofiber • Incorporation of Nanoparticles into Electrospinning solution to create Nanofibers with various properties • (A) Encapsulation of iron oxide Nanoparticles into Nanofibers – conductive • (B) Deposition of silver Nanoparticles on the NanoFiber surface – antimicrobial • (C) Nanofibers with porous structure – scattering • (D) Uniaxilly aligned Nanotubes – scatter or perhaps controlled released? A C B D. Li, Y.Xia, Advanced Materials 2004, 16, No. 14, 1151

  13. Application of Nanotechnology in Other Areas • Special Effect Pigments used in printing, packaging and specialty coating – i.e. Pearl Lustre Pigments • Textile industry – Cousin to paper industry (both based on cellulose products) • Water repellant – Nanowhiskers and Nanosphere (Nanotex and Schoeller) • UV protection fabric – sol gel method to treat the cotton fabric or nanorods • Antibacterial fabric – impregnated fabric with Nanosilver • Wrinkle resistant – incorporation of Nanosilica with maleic anhydride to improve crosslinking to create wrinkle resistance in silk • Catalyst paper - for Photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 Nanoparticles • http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-zgzz200412015.html • Optically transparent products – for electronics/displays/packaging • http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApPhA..81.1109I

  14. Current Challenges

  15. Challenge 1: Forest Nanomaterials Goal: Liberation and use of nanocellulose building blocks Barriers Nano-fractionalization and nano-catalysis for separations; Non covalent disassembly/re-assembly Entropic effects in the assembly and disassembly of nanomaterials in forest materials • Current solutions: • Nanofiltration and low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes: • http://www.aseanbiotechnology.info/Abstract/21018571.pdf • http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00151882/1997/00000034/00000003/art84794 • http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16113640 • Nanofilters

  16. Nanocellulose Fiber: Nanofilters http://www.zamslube.com/images/sem_filter.jpg

  17. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  18. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  19. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  20. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  21. Challenge 2: Improve strength weight performance Target: 40% fewer materials for same performance 60# performance with 45# CWF Mechanical (bonding ) and optical Performances Barriers Control of Nanostructural and interface properties Selection of “designer shapes” and multiple material compatibility Control of hierarchical structures Measurement of nano-scale strain , shear and bulk moduli Adhesion and bonding at Nano-scale • Current Solutions • 1) Plant microfiber bundles with a nanometer unit web-like network • http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15573377 • Bending strength 310 MPa. • 2) Soaking cellulose in nylon 6-6 for reinforcement • JP 2003128791

  22. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  23. http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf

  24. Double tensile strength of paper with 10 nm LbL coating • Zheng, McDonald, Khillan, Su, Shutava, Grodzits, and Lvov J. Nansci. Nanotechnol. 6, 624-632, 2006

  25. Viscose and Rayon containing Nanoparticles • Viscose fiber: CN 2005-10104905 • Dry breaking strength 2.10 CN/dtex, • Wet breaking strength 1.20 CN/dtex • Dry breaking elongation 16% • By adding 2-12% nanoscale carbon colloid with particle size 20-40 nm • Rayon – antibacterial: CN 2005-10104907 • Nanoscale silver antibacterial agent with particle size 50-65 nm

  26. Challange 3 : Water-lignocellulose interaction Target Understand water forest materials interactions Control effects of water on wood and paper properties Shed water more efficiently Barriers Interfacial properties at nanoscale Production of hydrophilic/hydrophobic switchable surfaces Biological activity control

  27. News, 45 g/m² Moisturized sheet Dry sheet ESEM - Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope G. A. Baum 2003

  28. Challenge #4: Inorganic-organic nanocomposites nanoscale surface modification Target: Produce nano-composite materials from forest materials Barrier Understand & control surface chemical reactivity Characterization of structures at nanoscale Measurement of physical properties at nanoscale Multiple material compatibility Directed self assembly of nano-components Multiple current applications:

  29. Cellulose Nanocomposites • Cellulose with Nanoclay • Flame retardant: WO 2007022552 • Composite: CN 2005-10033705 • Cellulose with carbon Nanotubes • For electro active paper: http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG006168000001616823000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes • Composite nonwoven fabric for Medical applications • WO 2006060398 • US 2005142973 • US 2003-483839P • Cellulose Nanocrystals • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15762677&dopt=Abstract

  30. Challenge 5 - Photonics and Electronic/Piezo properties Target Produce Optically efficient structures Control electronic properties of forest materials Barriers Selection of controlled size and shape building blocks Characterization of physical structure, interfaces, material intermixing and defects Self assembly of building blocks into controlled structures Liquid crystal structures of building blocks (forest based and mineral) Contact effects at nanoscale Effect of dopants Hybrid organic/bio/inorganic devices

  31. What’s a Photonic Crystal • A material containing two discrete components having different indexes of refraction arranged in a particular periodic fashion • 1D is ¼ wavelength dielectric mirror • 3D is similar scale “holes” arranged in a crystal-like configuration in a dielectric medium

  32. Steven Johnson, MIT

  33. What Type of Mirror? • Standard Aluminum Mirror only < 90% efficient • Front-Surface Silver = 95%, but tarnishes ! • Conventional Broadband Dielectric Mirror can exceed 98% but is $200/sq.inch and is not flexible (sputtered coatings) • 3M ESR Polymeric Film is > 98% over the entire visible spectrum and incident angles and costs $15/sq.ft. and is very flexible. • 3D Photonic Crystal Slabs > 99% over the entire visible spectrum and incident angles.

  34. What is possible? • Nano-optics – control of opacity • Nanoparticle Arrays on Surfaces for Electronic, Optical, and Sensor Applications • Self assembly

  35. What is possible? • Electronic devices • Nanoelectromechanical memory • Gate dielectrics • Nanopillars for zero-field microwave generation • Cellulose as a nanotemplate: • http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bomaf6/2004/5/i03/abs/bm034532u.html

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