Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

1. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

2. Pacific Ocean • 400-1300, Polynesian peoples from Malay Peninsula go to: • New Guinea, Melanesia, Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand • Not accidental voyages but colonization

3. Polynesian Settlement

4. Easter Island

5. Indian Ocean • Malay people settle Madagascar • Rise of Islam gives Indian Ocean trade a boost. Networks of trade develop throughout area. • Zheng He’s Indian Ocean voyages (reflection of Ming success)

6. Atlantic Ocean The Vikings: Northern European raiders attacked coastal European settlements for several centuries. Also settle Iceland 770, Greenland 982 and Newfoundland. Cold returns after 1200 sends these settlements into decline • Some African voyages of exploration (Mali)

7. Viking Ship

8. European Expansion • Iberian (Portugal and Spain) expansion overseas has several motives - religious (crusading), economic (the Italians had a much higher portion of Asian trade), and political (expand newly consolidated nations) – God, Glory, Gold • Maritime technological advances make it possible (caravel and astrolabe) • To this must be added individual ambitions and skill of Henry the Navigator

9. Iberians (Portugal & Spain) take risks (they use from China- magnetic compass & from Greeks or Arabs - astrolabe) • Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition • Henry is head of Orders of Christ • 1415 Ceuta, Morocco - can’t get to trans Saharan gold trade

10. Portuguese Caravel

11. Vasco Da Gama

12. Spain - not planning like Portugal, but lucky • Too busy uniting realm, driving religious minorities out & conquering Muslims • Columbus 1492 • 1513 Balboa Pacific • 1522 Magellan circumnavigates globe sees Moluccas (Spice Islands) are Portuguese • Lays basis for Spanish colonization of Philippines after 1564

13. Encounters with Europe • Early Portuguese exchanges with Africans on Gold Coast beneficial to both sides • Benin & Congo (two largest kingdoms) invite Portuguese. Try Christianity - like the guns but for Kongo weakness means monopoly on slave trade lost - both limit contacts with Portuguese. Slave trade goes further South

14. E. African leaders suspicious of Portuguese • 1505 bombardment of Swahili coast justifies attitude • Weakened Christian Ethiopia assaulted by African Muslim backed by Ottomans who conquered Egypt in 1517 • Portuguese aid saves Ethiopia

15. India • Da Gama makes little impression • Portuguese intend to assert control over once open Indian Ocean - take Goa, Malacca • Attempt to force tax & Portuguese transshiping. Emperors of China & Mughal India ignore this • Ottomans attack - fails • Portuguesenever have complete control of Indian O., but domination of key ports & trade routes makes Portugal profit.

16. Americas • Columbus to Hispaniola - 2nd trips slaughter, rape, loot, kill tens of thousands of Arawaks • Horses, germs, body armor, steel sword, muskets • Conquistadors - 1519 Cortes - Aztecs (Montezuma) • Pizzaro - Incas - Atajualpa 1536 fall. • 50 years after Columbus, Spanish dominance complete (not true in Asia and Africa). Forced labor, forced conversion & systems for administering conquered land developed in Reconquest • Encomienda: Amerinidians divided among settlers and forced to provide labor or goods

17. Aztecs Hosting Cortes

18. Pizarro Seizing Inca