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Introduction

Introduction. Scientific Method – What are the steps?. 1. Pose a question (the problem) 2. Develop a hypothesis A testable prediction 3. Test the hypothesis Gather data 4. Draw conclusions State the results of the research 5. Report the results Publish the findings.

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction

  2. Scientific Method – What are the steps? • 1. Pose a question (the problem) • 2. Develop a hypothesis • A testable prediction • 3. Test the hypothesis • Gather data • 4. Draw conclusions • State the results of the research • 5. Report the results • Publish the findings

  3. Replicate the study – Why should we do it? • Repeat the study with different participants • Confirm earlier results

  4. Nature-Nurture debate • Nature = Genes • Nurture = Environment • Family • Culture • Etc. • Size can be a result of biology (genetics) and the environment. • Fish in a pond • Plants in soil

  5. Do you remember? • What are the steps in the scientific method? • Why would someone replicate a study? • What part of your nature influenced your development? • What part of your nurture influenced your development?

  6. Life-Span Perspectives • Multidirectional • Multicontextual • Multicultural • Multidisciplinary • Plastic

  7. What is a multidirectional approach?

  8. What is a multicontextual approach? • Historical Cohort • Cohort • People experiencing same historical perspective • E.g. “Baby boomers” • Values • Events • Technologies • Culture • Socioeconomic Cohort • Social class • Occupation • Education

  9. What is a multicultural approach? • People experience a culture differently based on their previous cultural experiences • Patterns of behavior • Norms • Customs • Values • Ethnicity • Race

  10. What is a multidisciplinary approach? • Biosocial • Biological • Cognitive • Thought • Psychosocial • Psychological

  11. What is plasticity? • Traits can be molded during development • Culture • Genes • Provides hope and ability to change

  12. Do you remember? • What are the different lifespan perspectives? • What directions are involved in the multidirectional approach? • Which of these perspectives holds the most hope that human traits can be molded during development?

  13. How can we use the Scientific Method? (Types of studies) • Observational • Surveys • Experiments • Studies over time • Cross-sectional • Longitudinal

  14. What are observational studies? • Natural setting • Laboratory • Archival data • Files

  15. What are surveys? • Questionnaires • Interviews

  16. How can we study change over time? • Cross-sectional • Different groups of different ages • Longitudinal • Same group over time as they age

  17. Do you remember? • If you are watching children at play on the playground to see how they respond, you are using what type of study? • If you talk to parents about their child’s behavior, you are using what type of study? • In one year, if you study children in the 1st. 2nd.,3rd., and 4th. grades to see how children change over time, you are using what type of study? • If you follow the same group of children from the first grade through the fifth grade, you are using what type of study?

  18. What are experiments? • Can experiments determine cause and effect? • Yes (The only type of study that can) • Two groups • Experimental group • Comparison (control)group • Variables • Independent variable • Dependent variable • E.g. Classroom vs. distance learning

  19. Correlation • If two things are correlated, did one cause the other? • No – Correlation is not causation • Correlation may be caused by a 3rd. Variable • Correlation • Positive, Negative, or Zero

  20. Quantitative vs. Qualitative • Quantitative – Numbers • Qualitative – Written descriptions, ideas

  21. Do you remember? • What scientific method can determine if one thing caused another? • What are the two groups in an experiment, and what are the differences in these groups? • What would be an example of the different types of correlation? • If two things are related (correlated) why can you not assume one caused the other?

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