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Biological Treatment of Groundwater Containing Perchlorate Using Fluidized Bed Reactors

Biological Treatment of Groundwater Containing Perchlorate Using Fluidized Bed Reactors. Bill Guarini. August 23-24, 2000. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. AEROJET CORPORATION: Craig Fegan Gerry Swanick Mike Girard US FILTER: Casey Whittier Gene Mazewski Bob Hines

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Biological Treatment of Groundwater Containing Perchlorate Using Fluidized Bed Reactors

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  1. Biological Treatment of Groundwater Containing Perchlorate Using Fluidized Bed Reactors Bill Guarini August 23-24, 2000

  2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AEROJET CORPORATION: Craig Fegan Gerry Swanick Mike Girard US FILTER: Casey Whittier Gene Mazewski Bob Hines ENVIROGEN: Paul Hatzinger Sam Frisch Scott Drew Dave Enegess

  3. Presentation Outline 1. Envirogen/USFilter Partnership 2. Perchlorate Biological Degradation 3. Selection of Reactor Type 4. Fluidized Bed Reactor 5. Case Histories - Pilot - Full-Scale 6. Summary

  4. Envirogen-USFilter Relationship • Joint Marketing for Perchlorate and MTBE applications • Envirogen focus - microbiology and biocatalysts • USFilter focus - systems and hardware • Strong synergy between the two organizations

  5. Bacterial Metabolism • Requirements: • Energy Source (organic or inorganic) • Electron Acceptor (O2, NO3, SO4, CO2) • Carbon Source (organic or CO2) • Macronutrients (N,P,S) • Mineral Ions (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, et al.) • Vitamins and/or Amino Acids

  6. Biological Perchlorate Reduction Terminal Electron Acceptor: ClO4- ClO3- ClO2- O2 + Cl - (perchlorate) (chlorate) (chlorite) H2O

  7. Biomass + CO2 Benzene (substrate) Nutrients (N,P) e- H2O O2 Organic Pollutants

  8. Biomass + CO2 Substrate Nutrients (N,P) e- Cl- + H2O ClO4- Perchlorate

  9. CO2 CH4 Methanogenesis - 250 S- SO4- Redox (mV) ClO4- Cl- Denitrification NO3- N2 O2 H2O + 800 Groundwater + Substrate Utilization of Electron Acceptors

  10. FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEM pH CONTROL NUTRIENT(S) CONTAMINATED WATER OR WASTEWATER FEED TREATED EFFLUENT CONTAMINATED WATER OR WASTEWATER FEED FLOWRATE, GPM pH CONTROL TREATED EFFLUENT OXYGEN NUTRIENTS OXYGEN OXYGENATOR MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTOR SYSTEM STATIC BED REACTOR SYSTEM 100 10,000 50,000 10 200 1,000 2,000 100,000 CONCENTRATION, mg/l Bioreactor System Options forTreatment of Organic Chemicals

  11. FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FBR Flow Schematic EFFLUENT BED HEIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM RECYCLE FEED (i.e., CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER) NUTRIENT(S) ELECTRON DONOR INFLUENT

  12. FBR Advantages • High biomass concentration means long SRT and short HRT • High volumetric efficiency translates to compact system • Simplicity of operation minimizes need for operator attention • Small impact from changing feed conditions, as feed is combined with recycle before entering the reactor

  13. Key Mechanical Components • Device and method used to distribute influent flow to the reactor • Device and method used to control the expansion of the fluidized bed due to biofilm growth • Method to control electron donor dosage rate

  14. Pilot-ScaleLaboratory Testingfor Perchlorate

  15. Laboratory-Pilot FBR • Treatability - Application: Groundwater treatment - Feed: 6-10 ppm C1O4, 1-2 ppm NO3-N - Effluent: < 4 ppb C1O4 (NO3-N not measured) • Treatability - Application: Groundwater / Process water - Feed: 400 ppm C1O4, 480 ppm C1O3, 20 ppm NO3-N - Effluent: < 0.02 ppm C1O4, < 1 ppm C1O3 < 1 ppm NO3-N

  16. Laboratory-Pilot FBR • Study • Application: Media Comparison, sand vs. GAC • Feed: 20-25 ppm ClO4 • Effluent: < 4 ppb ClO4 • Study • Application: Electron Donor Comparison (Ethanol, Methanol, Acetate) • Feed: 20-25 ppm ClO4 • Effluent: < 4 ppb ClO4 (EtOH), < 20 ppb (HAc), ~1 ppm (MeOH), < 4 ppb (EtOH/MeOH)

  17. FBR Media Performance Comparisonwith ethanol

  18. Electron Donor Performance Comparisonwith silica sand FBR media

  19. Treatment of High Concentration Perchlorate Waters using Pilot FBRs

  20. Treatment of Chlorate and Nitrate in Pilot FBRs

  21. Full-ScaleFBR Treatmentof Perchlorate

  22. Full-Scale FBR Installation(Perchlorate Reduction) • Design Basis • 4,000 gpm • Four reactors • Ethanol as electron donor • GAC media • Volumetric ClO4 loading = 44 lb/day/kcf

  23. Full-Scale FBR Performance

  24. Summary • GAC media yielded quicker startup and showed more resiliency than sand. • Ethanol is a more effective electron donor than methanol. • Biological treatment to below quantitation limits has been demonstrated for high and low concentration waters. • Consistent treatment of perchlorate to below quantitation limits has been demonstrated in a full-scale FBR system for more than 1 year.

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