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Conserving Genetic Diversity

Conserving Genetic Diversity. DNA arranged in discrete packages called Chromosomes. Units of Genetic Diversity . Individual portions of a chromosome that “code” for a specific character are known as Genes. Allele A1. Allele A2. Allele A3. Character E1. Character

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Conserving Genetic Diversity

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  1. Conserving Genetic Diversity

  2. DNA arranged in discrete packages called Chromosomes Units of Genetic Diversity Individual portions of a chromosome that “code” for a specific character are known as Genes

  3. Allele A1 Allele A2 Allele A3 Character E1 Character E2 Character E 3 Alleles= alternate forms of a gene’s expression Gene A Character E

  4. A1 A1 A1 A2 Alleles on paired chromosomes Homozygous Heterozygous

  5. Gene Pool of a Population Gene Pool = the complete genetic make up of a population Genes A 5 alleles ** T 3 alleles ** C 1 allele D 1 allele E 1 allele Polymorphism = number of multiple allele genes divided by the total number of genes = 2/5 = 40%

  6. For Example: suppose that the gene (T) controlling tail length has 3 different alleles T1 = codes for a tail that is 50 cm in length T2 = codes for a tail that is 100 cm in length T3 = codes for a tail that is 150 cm in length Now suppose that due to random chance all three tail lengths are equally likely to occur. Thus, out of a population of 102 individuals, there will be roughly 34 individuals possessing each of the 3 different tail lengths

  7. Now let’s look at the genetic make-up of individual organisms Remember- chromosomes are paired 5 Individual Organisms 1. T1/T1 2. T2/T3 ** 3. T1/T3 ** 4. T2/T1 ** 5. T2/T2 Heterozygosity= the number of individuals who have different alleles in each pair of genes divided by the total number of individuals = 3/5 = 60%

  8. Introducing the Concept of Dominant and Recessive Alleles Our tail length example is not quite so simple - suppose that when T1 and T2 are paired (e.g. the formula is T1/T2 or T2/T1) the tail length is always 50 cm . That means that T1 is dominant over T2 What if T1 is also dominant over T3? What if T2 is also dominant over T3?

  9. Given the following allele formulas, you provide the tail length of the individual Formula Tail Length T1/T1 50 cm T1/T3 50 cm T1/T2 50 cm T3/T3 150 cm T2/T3 100 cm 50 cm T2/T1

  10. How can we get the following tail lengths? 50 cm T1/T1,T1/T2, T1/T3, T2/T1, T3/T1 100 cm T2/T2,T2/T3, T3/T2 150 cm T3/T3 Heterozygous Homozygous

  11. Concept of a Genetic Bottleneck Forelimb alleles; A, a, C, c, E, e Uppercase dominant, lower case recessive Tail alleles; B, b, D, d, F, f

  12. Genetic Bottleneck Note: none of the elephant seals with alleles C, c, D, d, E, e, F, or f make it through the bottleneck

  13. Concept of Founder Effect Founders = those individuals from a population that either disperse to another location or survive some type of disturbance to its current location. Due to chance alone, the founders are usually less genetically diverse than the source population as a whole

  14. Concept of Founder Effect Okapi, the African Forest Antelope Zoo populations consisted of 75 wild caught individuals Of those, only 30 have bred, producing 23 living offspring But the resulting genetic structure was equivalent to only 12 wild individuals!!

  15. Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus) A 1973 survey by International Council for Bird Preservation located 8 wild kestrels By the 1974 breeding season there were two birds in captivity and four others known in the wild

  16. Causes of the Population Decline Habitat Loss due to cutting of the forest by French Colonists Pesticide poisoning Egg predation by monkeys, rats and mongoose “Varmint” shooting- alleged attacks on local chicken population named “Mangeur des poules” by locals

  17. In the book “The Sinking Ark”, Norman Myers states that, we should take a “Triage” approach to species preservation. 1. Those so badly wounded that they can’t be helped 2. Those wounded slightly that don’t require help 3. Those whose wounds can be treated, resulting in survival Specifically, mentions the Mauritius Kestrel as a Category 1 species

  18. Aspects of a captive breeding program for Mauritius Kestrels 1. Supplemental feeding of wild birds with uncontaminated meat. Result, the females “double-clutched” 2. “Pulling” of eggs. Result, clutch size was increased to eight 3. “Hacking” - the gradual weaning of captive young from human helpers. Result, young raised by humans able to successfully compete in the wild 4. Artificial insemination of captive females. Result, increased female fertility rates

  19. Field Aspects of a Conservation Program 1. Natural reserves. Result, the setting aside of a small amount of “human free” habitat leading to increase survival of adults and young. 2. Predator control. Result, reduction in egg, juvenile and adult mortality 3. Public education. Result, reduction in adult mortality due to “varmint” hunting

  20. Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus) “If you can save the Mauritius Kestrel, you can save virtually anything.” By 1990, two hundred captive breed Kestrels had been successfully re-introduced to the Mauritius Islands.

  21. Concept of Genetic Drift Random fluctuations in the frequency of an allele due to accidents that affect the survival and reproduction of individuals. Directly related to the number of individuals in the population possessing the allele Has the greatest effect on uncommon alleles.

  22. A3 A1 A2 50 40 30 20 10 % of total alleles in the popu-lation 5 10 15 20 Number of generations

  23. Concept of Inbreeding Depression Inbreeding = mating of closely related individuals Cheetah: the “victim” of two genetic bottlenecks Inbreeding depression = poor survival or production in populations where closely related individuals mate Often, the result of inbreeding depression is an increase of homozygous recessive traits that are deleterious

  24. Concept of Out-breeding Depression “Hybrid” offspring of individuals from populations (geographic isolates) adapted to different environments Peregrine Falcon For example, individuals from an easternmigratory population, adapted to harsh winters, breed and produce offspring with mates from a coastal non-migratory western population, adapted for mild winters and early springs

  25. 1 9 4 5-8 2 3 Oryx distribu-tion in Africa consists of 9 non-overlapping populations comprising 4 species

  26. Ibex - related to the Mountain Goat of North America Occurs in many sub-populations, comprising at least 3 species throughout Europe and Asia

  27. The resulting young were born in midwinter, resulting in high mortality and eventual extinction of the introduced population Introduction of individuals from two “foreign” subspecies into the Tatry Mountains of Slovakia and Poland

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