Day 9 Agenda

1. Day 9 Agenda 09.15 Revision 09.45 Personal Protection Equipment 10.30 Break 10.45 Accident Investigation, RIDDOR, First Aid at Work 12.30 Lunch 1.30 Practical assessment Preparation 3.00 Break 3.15 Practical assessment Preparation Continued 4.15 Review and Link to Day 10 4.30 Course Close

2. P. P. E.

3. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 • Equipment designed to be worn or held by a person at work for protection against a specific risk (not ordinary work clothes) • Hazard to include inclement weather • Always look at ‘safe place controls’ first • PPE - last stage of control

4. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 • Provision and suitability • Suitable for both Hazard and Ergonomically sound for the Person within the design range • Compatibility • Assessment of risks • Maintenance • Storage/ accommodation • Information, instruction, training • Use by employees, report defect • Replacement

5. Design hazard & risk required function conditions effective control without increasing overall risk CE marked Wearer health capabilities limitations perception of the hazard fit- ergonomic needs anatomy, av. size, comfort Considerations for Design and Use

6. Effectiveness / ‘Acceptability’ • Comfort • Intrusion on personal comfort • Coping with discomfort & continued use • Perceived protection • Knowledge of hazard • Assessment of risk • Reinforced – Information Instructions and Training • Ease of use • Simple and easy to use • Close to hand

7. Exercise • In what circumstances should PPE be used? • How will you choose what PPE will be most suitable? • Will you be able to charge workers for it? Consider footwear as an example

8. Respiratory Protection • Respirators • Filters, needs appropriate filter for contaminant / s • Require environment to support life • Positive and Negative pressures (problem with seal) • Breathing apparatus • Doesn’t need good wholesome air • Has a defined time / distance • Different types : • Umbilical air fed type • Cylinder type

9. Categories of PPE • Head • eyes • ears • respiratory protection • Arm and hand • Body protection • Skin • Legs • Feet

10. Typical PPE Questions 1. Outline the factors to be considered in the correct selection of respiratory protection equipment for use at work (8) 2. a) Explain the difference between Breathing apparatus and Respirators(2) b) Describe one type of breathing apparatus and state the limitations of its use (6)

11. Accident Investigation

12. Accident Investigation Definition • A “Systematic Observation, Analysis and Evaluation of • Events that have occurred which have caused damage to • People, Property and ProductORhad the potential to • do so“. • The Investigation should highlight the deficiencies in the interaction between :- • The Environment • Management Systems • Equipment • Personal Factors • The Task

13. Accident Investigation Outcomes • Specific Instructions by Management • Establishment of a Working Party • Issue of: • Codes of practice • New methods of work ( systems of work ) • Identification of training needs • Task analysis • Provision of further information • Additional monitoring • Fines, Compensation, Insurance • Loss of work, orders, goodwill • Prohibition, Close Down ALL COST, TIME, or RESOURCE

14. Accident InvestigationGeneral Points • Complete Investigation and report within 24 hours • Delegate investigation if busy • Never delay medical help to question an injured person • Ensure it is safe to interview, ask doctor / nurse • Injured person may be confused “state of shock” • Keep eye witnesses apart (not always reliable ) • Interview separately • Clarify the difference between fact and opinion • Record as much factual detail as possible positions, distances etc, ( Cameras both still and Video ) • Retain items as evidence

15. Accidents / Ill Health: Investigation Procedure • Report the Accident • Investigation Procedure • Establish the facts • Gather Information • Draw conclusions • Report the results • Prevent a recurrence

16. Investigation Sequence • Statutory and Other Notification • Site Visit • Record Physical details • Conduct Site Interviews • Conduct Off-Site Interviews • Draft a Report • Decide upon Remedial action • Produce the Final Report • Implement Remedial Action • Monitor Effectiveness • Feed back Information to Personnel involved

17. Accident Investigation Kit • Pen, Paper, Clipboard • Camera, Video • Tape and Rule • An Aide Memoir • Subjects to cover, questions to ask, and a Pro-forma sheet to record basic details e.g ; dates, times, weather, location, conditions, people etc • Tape recorder :- ( Advantages )

18. Accident Communication Sequence / Action ACCIDENT Dangerous occurrence Fatal Injury Reportable Injury Reportable Disease Inform Inspectorate Inform HSE Insurers Inform Police Investigate, Record Details Collate Report

19. Site Visit • Immediate Site Visits are Very Important to :- • Familiarise yourself with the physical layout • If you don’t go, any conclusions will be from other peoples reports, which are open to misunderstanding and misinterpretation • Establish Site Activities • The type of work and operation • How many people, what grades etc • Materials and equipment used • Confirm with someone who would be familiar • Record Details of the Accident Site • A scaled picture is worth a thousand words • Facts, time, machine, task, speed,etc • Talk directly to the people to identify ‘how the accident happened’ • Question whether you are at the’ True Accident Site’ ?

20. Investigation Procedure P - people E- equipment M- materials E- environment Remember that the main reason for investigating accidents is to find out the facts and prevent a recurrence - NOT TO ALLOCATE BLAME

21. Information Required • WHO • Injured, witnesses, contributed to the accident • WHAT • Happened, the sequence of events (Direct / indirect causes) • Precautions taken, their adequacy • Applicable Regulations, ACoP’s Guidance etc applied • WHEN • Did the accident occur • Were individuals trained etc • WHERE • Did the accident occur • HOW • Did the accident happen, Can we prevent a recurrence

22. Lack of Basic Immediate Accident/ Injury/ management causes causes incident Ill-health control Loss A B C D E Proactive Reactive Risk Risk Management Management Domino Theory of Accident Events

23. Accident Causation Indirect Cause Direct Cause A Underlying Factors B C Root Cause

24. Accident Management Procedure. Accident Employee reports to Line Manager, and Occupational Health (OH) department Who Reports ? Who checks Contractors? Line Manager Investigates ! Who checks after 3 days absence ? What happens outside OH hours ? TREATMENT IN OH DEPARTMENT OH contacts line Manager if more info’ needed Employee sent back to work OH contacts Line Manager Referral to Hospital OH contacts Line Manager Sent home / GP OH contacts Line Manager. Sent Homeor Hospital OH contacts Line Manager Line Manager: follow up, RIDDOR, Ensure Employee Reports to OH on return

25. RIDDOR 98? • Reportable to HSE or Local Authority :- • Fatalities, Major Injuries reported • by telephone immediately and F2508 sent within 10 days • Over Three Day injuries reported • by F2508 sent within 10 days • Dangerous Occurrences reported • by telephone immediately and F2508 sent within 10 days • Diseases reported • by sending report F2508A “forthwith” • Records of reports kept for 3 years

26. Major Injuries Reg 3(2) • Fractures: • Except in finger, thumbs or toes • Dislocation: • Shoulder, hip, knee or spine • Amputation • Eyes: • Loss of sight, penetration, chemical or metal burn • Loss of consciousness • Illness: • Requiring medical treatment caused by exposure to chemical or pathogens • Admission to hospital for more than 24 hours

27. RIDDOR 98 “over three day” Incapacity for work for more than three consecutive days not counting the day of the accident but including any days which wouldnot normally be worked. In practise “more than three consecutive days” means at least 4 days. Where someone returns to work but not carrying out work covered by their contract of employment then this is reportable

28. Reportable Diseases

29. Calculation of Injury Incidence Rates Number of Reportable Accidents Average number employed during year  100,000

30. Injury Rates Top Ten 1996/97

31. Limitations of Accident Data • Under-reporting • cheating • interpretation of an accident e.g. do you report physical contact or aggressive language? • Sample size is usually not statistically sound • one event can skew figures • long term trends take time to show • measurement of failure • ignore specifics e.g. tasks in an office compared to a factory environment • often don’t consider hours worked

32. Typical Accident Investigation Questions 1. Outline the immediate and longer term action that management should take following a serious injury accident at work (8) 2. Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation (8) 3. Giving reasons in each case, identify FOUR categories of persons who may be considered a useful member of an internal accident investigation team (8)

33. First Aid at Work Regulations

34. Assessment of First Aid Need • In assessing need, employers need to consider: • workplace hazards and risks • the size of the organisation • the organisation's history of accidents • the nature and distribution of the workforce • the remoteness of the site from emergency medical services • the needs of travelling, remote and lone workers • employees working on shared or multi-occupied sites • annual leave and other absences of first-aiders and appointed persons

35. High Risk Considerations Where work involves particular risk (even if the number of workers is low) e.g. work with hazardous chemicals or machinery, first aid needs will be greater Employers may need to : • provide a sufficient number of first-aiders so that someone is always available to give first aid immediately following an incident • train first-aiders in special procedures • inform the local emergency services, in writing,of the site where hazardous substances or processes are in use • provide first-aid room(s)

36. Minimum Contents of A First Aid Box Guidance 1 Individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings 2 Sterile eye pads with attachments 2 Triangular bandages 4 Safety pins 6 Medium sized sterile unmediated dressings 6 Large sterile unmediated wound dressings 2 Disposable Gloves • See ACoP • Remember Car Kits

37. Incident Recording • date, time and place of incident; • name and job of the injured or ill person; • details of the injury/illness and what first aid was given; • what happened to the person immediately afterwards (for example went home, went back to work, went to hospital); • name and signature of the first-aider or person dealing with the incident. Date Accident

38. First-Aider Competencies First-Aiders need to be able to : • transport a casualty safely as required by the circumstances of the workplace • recognise common major illnesses and take appropriate action • recognise minor illnesses and take appropriate action • maintain simple factual records and provide written information to a doctor or hospital if required Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles of first aid at work, in particular of: • the importance of personal hygiene in first-aid procedures • the legal framework for first-aid provision at work • the use of first-aid equipment provided in the workplace • the role of the first-aider in emergency procedures

39. Appointed Persons • Appointed Persons are NOT First Aiders :- • Have a co-ordinating role • Contact Emergency Services • Replenished first Aid equipment • Appointed Persons may wish to know : • what to do in an emergency • cardio-pulmonary resuscitation • first aid for the unconscious casualty • first aid for the wounded or bleeding

40. First Aid Regulations 1981 • Duty of Employer to make provision for first aid • assessment of need • first aid materials, equipment and facilities • first aid personnel • Duty of employer to inform employees of arrangements • information for employees • Duty of self-employed to provide first aid equipment Appendix 1 : • Assessment of first aid needs checklist Appendix 2 : • First aid competencies

41. Typical First Aid Questions 1. Outline the factors to be considered when deciding the numbers of first-aiders that may be required at the workplace (8)

42. Practical Inspection

43. Practical Inspection Aim • to undertake a workplace inspection • note any hazards and the way they are controlled • identify safe and unsafe working practices • recommend appropriate and cost effective remedial action • prepare a report identifying items requiring immediate management action

44. Practical Assessment • The inspection will take place of a work area and will :- • Take up to 1 hour Total marks 55% • The report to management • Takes up to 1 hour. • Identifies risk based priorities • Legal breaches, Costs, • Inform management of Recommendations • Should be approximately 3 -4 pages long Total marks 45% • Overall pass mark 60%

45. Hazard Observations • Range of issues identified = 5% • Number of hazards identified = 20% • Identification of immediate, and where appropriate, long term action =10% • Suitability of remedial action =20% Total =55%

46. NEBOSH Practical Assessment Candidates Name : Any BodyDate of Assessment : 19 / 06 / 05 Place of assessment : XYZ Ltd Assessor : John Smith Observations CommentsPriority List, Unsafe Practices andList any Immediate or Longer – termI M L any Good practicesaction required 1.Cable from the OHP to power point on floor Remove the cable I Is a tripping hazard Consider Redesign L 2.No segregation between Traffic and Pedestrians Erect speed limit signs I Consider speed bumps M 3.Heavy items stored on high shelves (photocopy room) Remove / relocate items I Redesign shelf units M 4.Shelves in Photocopy room very loose Secure to the wall I Consider better design of shelving M 5. Fire signs, Extinguishers etc Very good practice No Action necessary n / a etc, etc, etc

47. Report to Management • Selection of topics for urgent management action =10% • Consideration of cost implications = 5% • Identification of breaches and legislation = 5% • Presentation =10% • Effectiveness in convincing management to take action=15% Total =45%

48. NEBOSH Certificate Practical Assessment Report I am writing further to an inspection of the WATA Training Centre, on _______ 2000 which took no more than an hour, my report is as follows :- Training Room Cable The cable from the OHP presents a tripping hazard, from which a visitor or employee could fall and severely damage themselves, this could lead to prosecution of the company and perhaps to individuals. In addition to which the injured person may sue the company or individuals. Should this happen, the insurance premiums could rise and the insurance company impose extra controls. This would be a breach of the Workplace (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations Recommendation Immediately remove the cable at a cost of £150. In the long term consider re – designing The location of the power point • NEXT HEADING • Produce a paragraph at the end to prioritise all the hazards observed

49. Revision

50. Common / Civil Law Questions • Define the term ‘Negligence’ (2) • What the reasonable prudent person would not do OR what the reasonable prudent person would have done in the circumstances • Outline the possible defences available to employers in cases of alleged negligence (6) • No Duty owed • Duty owed no negligent act • Negligent act but couldn’t have caused harm etc • Contributory negligence • Volenti non fit injuria • Facts speak for themselves