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Lab Activity 15

Lab Activity 15. The Brain . Portland Community College BI 232. Brain Meninges: Dura Mater. Continuous with the spinal meninges Dura mater: An outer and inner fibrous connective tissue Outer later is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones (no epidural space)

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Lab Activity 15

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  1. Lab Activity 15 The Brain Portland Community College BI 232

  2. Brain Meninges: Dura Mater • Continuous with the spinal meninges • Dura mater: An outer and inner fibrous connective tissue • Outer later is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones (no epidural space) • Between the layers are tissue fluids, blood vessels and venous sinuses. • Venous sinuses are large collecting veins. • Venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins

  3. Dural Folds • The inner layer of dura mater that extends into the cranial cavity. • Provide additional stabilization and support for the brain • Contain the dural sinuses

  4. Dural Folds • Falx cerebri projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure • Superior sagittal sinus & inferior sagittal sinus • Tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellar hemisphere from the cerebrum • Transverse sinus • Falx cerebelli divides the cerebellar hemispheres

  5. Brain Meninges: Arachnoid & Pia Mater • Arachnoid mater consists of the arachnoid membrane and fibers of the arachnoid trabeculae that attach to the pia mater • Pia mater: attached to the surface of the brain, anchored by processes of astrocytes • Contains branches of cerebral blood vessels that penetrate the surface of the brain. • CSF is between these two membranes in the subarachnoid space

  6. Ventricles

  7. Brainstem 3 Structures: • Midbrain (mesencephalon) • Pons • Medulla oblongata Corpora quadrigemina

  8. Midbrain Pons Corpora quadrigemina Medulla

  9. Brainstem: Medulla Oblongata • Functions: • Center for the coordination of complex autonomic reflexes (heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure) • Control of visceral functions (vomiting, swallowing) • Decussation of pyramids: a crossover point for the major motor tracts

  10. Brainstem: Pons • Functions: • Sensory and motor nuclei of Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII • Respiratory control: • Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center to modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla • Nuclei and tracts that process and relay information to and from the cerebellum

  11. Brainstem: Midbrain • Functions: • Connects pons to cerebellum • Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers • Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex centers

  12. Diencephalon Structures • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus

  13. Diencephalon: Epithalamus • Superior to the third ventricle, contains the pineal gland Pineal gland

  14. Diencephalon: Thalamus • Relay station for sensory input

  15. Diencephalon: Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland: Attaches to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum • Mamillary bodies: Process olfactory sensations. Mamillary body Pituitary gland (not in this picture) would be hanging here

  16. Diencephalon: Hypothalamus • Major Functions: • Controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious level • Controls autonomic function • Coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems • Secretes hormones • Produces emotions and behavioral drives • Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions • Regulates body temperature • Coordinates circadian cycles of activity

  17. Cerebellum • Functions: • Coordination of movements • Adjustment of postural muscles Vermis Arbor Vita (white matter that looks like a leaf)

  18. Cerebral Cortex • The superficial layer/rim of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres • Gray matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

  19. White Matter & Basal Nuclei • White matter consists primarily of myelinated axons • Is beneath the gray matter cortex • Notice how it is the opposite arrangement from the spinal cord (Spinal cord: white matter is on the outside and gray matter is on the inside.) • Corpus callosum: Connects the right and left hemispheres • Basal nuclei: Islands of gray matter within the white matter. • Function: Involved in the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns

  20. White Matter White Matter & Basal Nuclei Basal Nuclei Corpus Callosum

  21. Sulci & Gyri Sulci • Sulci: Shallow depressions of the cerebral cortex • Central sulcus is between the frontal and parietal lobes • Lateral sulcus is between the parietal lobes and temporal lobes. • Fissures: Deep grooves • Longitudinal: separates cerebral hemispheres • Transverse: separates cerebrum form the cerebellum • Gyri: The elevated ridges of the cerebral cortex • Serve to increase the surface area

  22. Central Sulcus Lateral Sulcus

  23. Longitudinal Fissure Transverse fissure TransverseFissure

  24. Precentral Gyrus: (frontal lobe) contains the primary motor area Central Sulcus Postcentral Gyrus: (parietal lobe) contains the primary somatosensory area.

  25. Cerebrum • Frontal lobe • Motor, speech (usually left lobe), personality • Parietal lobe • Sensation (except smell), language • Occipital lobe • Vision • Temporal lobe • Hearing, smell, language

  26. The End The End

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