1 / 27

The Display of Emotion

11/15/2011 11:40 AM. 2. Overview. MotivationPsychological View of Nonverbal BehaviorEncoding Vs. DecodingNonverbal BehaviorExpression of Emotion through Nonverbal BehaviorArtistic View of Emotional ExpressionRealizing Emotional Expression. 11/15/2011 11:40 AM. 3. Motivation. What is interesting about the display of emotion?The development of Virtual characters BelievableCapable of open-ended interactionEngaging For this, a character must be able to signal its internal state through i9459

salena
Download Presentation

The Display of Emotion

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 1 The Display of Emotion Brent Lance CS 543 Lecture Hi, my name is Brent Lance. I’d like to take the opportunity to thank you all for coming today. I’ll be presenting my thesis proposal on generating expressive gaze manner.Hi, my name is Brent Lance. I’d like to take the opportunity to thank you all for coming today. I’ll be presenting my thesis proposal on generating expressive gaze manner.

    2. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 2 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    3. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 3 Motivation What is interesting about the display of emotion? The development of Virtual characters Believable Capable of open-ended interaction Engaging For this, a character must be able to signal its internal state through its external behavior So, what’s the problem? We’re interested in creating virtual characters. These characters, whatever domain they’re in, need to be believable and engaging. We believe that for this to be true, a character must be able to signal its internal state through its external behavior. For example, here’s a very expressive character here clearly displaying his internal emotional state.So, what’s the problem? We’re interested in creating virtual characters. These characters, whatever domain they’re in, need to be believable and engaging. We believe that for this to be true, a character must be able to signal its internal state through its external behavior. For example, here’s a very expressive character here clearly displaying his internal emotional state.

    4. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 4 Virtual Characters Keyframe Animation Classic technique from 2D cell animation Skilled animator develops key frames Interpolation between them creates movement Slow, iterative process Produces most realistic behavior Takes very long time to develop Animations are not reusable

    5. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 5 KeyFrame Animation Here’s a video of emotional state being expressed in a large part through gaze. Go through it, and act it out. Here’s a video of emotional state being expressed in a large part through gaze. Go through it, and act it out.

    6. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 6 Motion Capture Motion Capture Animation Cameras record movement of sensors placed on an actor Software reconstructs movement and approximation of character’s anatomy Allows for quicker generation of movement Requires expensive hardware and analysis tools Captured sequences not reusable Can be difficult to retarget capture motion to 3D model being animated

    7. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 7 Motion Capture

    8. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 8 Procedural Animation Generation of movement without human oversight Virtual Agents Video Game Characters Can use libraries of keyframe or motion capture animation Allow for dynamic or interactive environments Do not have the quality of previous two methods

    9. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 9 Procedural Animation I’m now going to show you a video from one of my favorite games, Oblivion by Bethesda Studios. There’s a lot of character, and I’d like you to look at how they are expressing emotionI’m now going to show you a video from one of my favorite games, Oblivion by Bethesda Studios. There’s a lot of character, and I’d like you to look at how they are expressing emotion

    10. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 10 Motivation - Revisited Hopefully, knowledge of how emotion is expressed through nonverbal behavior can improve interactive virtual agents to the point where they are as engaging as traditionally animated characters

    11. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 11 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    12. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 12 Nonverbal Behavior Encoding The display of information through external behavior Decoding The comprehension of information through observation of external behavior

    13. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 13 Encoding Types of encoding [Ekman & Friesen, 1969] define three types of coding Arbitrary No relation between coding and meaning Iconic Coding is representation of meaning Intrinsic Coding is meaning

    14. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 14 Complications Encoding may not be deliberate Encoding may be used to mask actual information Encoding may be idiosyncratic Men and women encode & decode differently Different cultures have different coding rules

    15. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 15 Realistic vs. Believable Decoding research is easier than Encoding research Generating Believable expressive behavior is easier than generating Realistic expressive behavior “Realistic” -> behavior as a human would have performed it “Believable” -> behavior understandable by an observer

    16. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 16 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    17. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 17 Nonverbal Communication Technically, communication without words Extremely broad field [Knapp & Hall, 1997] Includes: Environment Appearance Dress, grooming Height, weight Race & gender None of these really express emotion However, they may affect appraisal ratings

    18. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 18 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    19. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 19 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals [Darwin, 1872].

    20. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 20 Posture - Demonstration

    21. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 21 Posture - Demonstration

    22. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 22 Posture - Demonstration

    23. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 23 Torso Posture Torso Posture is affected less by emphasis and other speech-related behaviors [Bull & Connelly, 1985] Positive and Negative emotions are both easily distinguished both from static body postures [Coulson, 2004], [Schouwstra & Hoogstraten, 1995], and from dynamic trunk movement [de Meijer, 1989].

    24. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 24 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement

    25. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 25 Head Position

    26. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 26 Head Position Movement of the head is tightly connected to speech [Hadar et al., 1985], [McClave, 1999]. Static posture of the head is still useful for the display of emotions Head which is tilted upwards is viewed as more dominant, and displaying a more positive than one tilted downwards [Kappas et al., 1994], [Mignault & Chaudhuri, 2003].

    27. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 27 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement

    28. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 28 Facial Expression Facial expression is one of the stronger channels for emotional expression Paul Ekman Performed many of early experiments on facial expression Found that facial expression was highly cross cultural Developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

    29. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 29 Happiness

    30. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 30 Anger

    31. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 31 Sadness

    32. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 32 Fear

    33. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 33 Disgust

    34. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 34 Facial Expression Other researchers have shown that Children who are Deaf/Blind from birth share many of the same facial expressions As do very young infants As well as monkeys [Knapp & Hall, 1997]

    35. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 35 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement

    36. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 36 Hand Gestures Much more research has been done on the association of hand gestures with the communication of concepts However, research has demonstrated that level of arousal, and to a lesser extent the valence of emotion can be determined through arm movement [Pollick et al., 2001]

    37. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 37 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement

    38. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 38 Gaze Behavior What do we mean by gaze behaviors? Eye shape and eyebrow position are part of facial expression Length of gaze & mutual gaze Gaze attraction vs. aversion

    39. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 39 Non-Emotional Gaze Gaze is closely linked to speech-related behaviors Patterns of gaze for individuals speaking are often different from patterns of gaze for listeners [Kleinke, 1986]. Attention and Saliency also control eye movement [Argyle & Cook, 1973].

    40. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 40 Gaze and Dominance Gaze is very important in signaling dominance [Exline, 1971] However this relationship is not fully understood Seen in the way monkeys perform dominance displays when looked at by experimenters Highly dominant individuals look less while listening, and more while speaking than do individuals of low dominance [Knapp, 1997].

    41. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 41 Gaze and Arousal Gaze is also closely related to physiological arousal [Argyle & Cook, 1973] Receiving gaze and engaging in mutual gaze increases arousal Gaze is used as a regulation for physiological arousal Increased blinks, and increased pupil dilation are also strong signals of arousal

    42. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 42 Gaze and Preference Gaze also has a drastic effect on liking Individuals who gaze very little at people they interact with are rated lower on scales of preference, credibility, attractiveness, and are less likely to be hired [Burgoon et al., 1985], [Argyle & Cook, 1973]. Individuals are also more likely to look at people that they like [Argyle & Cook, 1973]

    43. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 43 Expression of Emotion What nonverbal behaviors display emotion? Torso Posture Head Position Facial Expression Hand Gestures Gaze Behavior Movement

    44. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 44 Movement & Locomotion Emotion can be recognized through how people walk But further, emotion can be recognized through the movement of simple geometric shapes [Rime et al., 1985]

    45. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 45 Movement

    46. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 46 Locomotion

    47. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 47 Synchrony The interactions of all of these behaviors is as important as any single behavior If not, emotional signals lack coherency The ability of users to recognize emotion decreases Believability and engagement decrease

    48. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 48 Conclusion – Nonverbal While there are many different ways emotion can be signaled through nonverbal behavior Only facial expression (and possibly prosody) can clearly differentiate between individual emotional categories Much nonverbal behavior research done using dimensional models of emotion that can be applied to factor analyses of nonverbal behavior results

    49. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 49 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    50. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 50 Art & Emotion Looking at three artistic views of emotional expression Delsarte’s Structural Acting System Laban Movement Analysis, a system derived from choreography Emotion in 2D Disney Animation

    51. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 51 Structural Acting System Francois Delsarte (1811-1871) French opera singer who damaged his voice Turned to the expression of emotion through acting Compiled extremely extensive library of movements, and the meanings of those movements However, this library has not been empirically verified

    52. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 52 Delsarte Recently, [Marsella et al., 2006] performed an evaluation of some of Delsarte’s work on hand gestures “Delsarte’s cube” Small imaginary cube directly in front of chest Placement of hands on cube sends different signals i.e. hands placed on inside surface of near face of cube to reveal possession

    53. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 53 Laban Movement Analysis Rudolph Laban (1879-1958) Hungarian Dancer and Choreographer Developed Labanotation, a notation for recording dance Rendered mostly obsolete through widespread distribution of video recording technology Developed, in conjunction with several of his students, Laban Movement Analysis, a taxonomy for describing movement

    54. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 54 Laban Movement Analysis Qualitative, hierarchical taxonomy Effort Space Indirect/Direct Time Sustained/Sudden Weight Light/Strong Flow Free/Bound Shape

    55. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 55 EMOTE [Chi et al., 2000] used Laban parameters Effort and Shape to animate emotion Theory was that instead of specifying emotional state, would instead specify LMA parameters to animate a character Extended by [Zhao & Badler, 2005] which learned LMA parameters from motion capture or video recording

    56. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 56 Disney Animation Principles of Disney animation laid out in [Thomas & Johnston, 1981], extended to 3D animation in [Lasseter, 1994].

    57. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 57 Keyframe Animation Skilled animators drew key frames 2nd Tier drew the “in-betweens” Developed principles such as “Squash & Strech”, “Anticipation”, and “Follow Through”

    58. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 58 2-D Animation Extremely slow process Highly iterative Highly intuitive Very difficult to clearly explain Requires great deal of training, and a certain amount of talent Results are excellent

    59. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 59 Analyzing 2D Animation [Lance et al., 2004], and [Chafai et al., 2006] were attempts to analyze 2D animation for information on nonverbal behavior for gaze and gesture, respectively Moderately successful Extremely labor intensive

    60. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 60 Overview Motivation Psychological View of Nonverbal Behavior Encoding Vs. Decoding Nonverbal Behavior Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal Behavior Artistic View of Emotional Expression Realizing Emotional Expression

    61. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 61 Realizing Behavior

    62. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 62 Animation Curves

    63. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 63 Animation of Behavior Qualitative descriptions of nonverbal behavior need to be transformed into quantitative changes in animation Two Choices: Directly manipulate the animation curves yourself Optimization Develop and utilize an abstraction, such as EMOTE or the Body Markup Language (BML)

    64. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 64 Conclusion Many sources of information for the expression of emotion through human behavior Lots of them are qualitative Or not experimentally verified Or describe more subtle relationships than direct emotional state -> behavior Picture is still very incomplete Still lots of good information for a starting point!

    65. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 65 References Argyle, M., Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press. 1976. Bull, P., Connelly, G. Body Movement and Emphasis in Speech. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9(3). Fall 1985. Burgoon, J., Manusov, V., Mineo, P., Hale, J. Effects of Gaze on Hiring, Credibility, Attraction and Relational Message Interpretation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 9(3). Fall 1985. Chafai, N., Pelachaud, C., Pele, D., Breton, G. Gesture Expressivity Modulations in an ECA Application. Proceedings of the Intelligent Virtual Agents IVA 2006 Conference. 2006. Coulson, M. Attributing Emotion to Static Body Postures: Recognition Accuracy, Confusions, and Viewpoint Dependence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 28(2). Summer 2004. Chi, D., Costa, M., Zhao, L., Badler, N. The EMOTE Model for Effort and Shape. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing, New York, NY. 2000. Darwin, C., The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. 1872. Ekman P., Friesen, W.V., The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding. Semiotica. 1, 49-98. 1969. Exline, R. Visual Interaction: The Glances of Power and Preference. In Weitz, S. (ed), Nonverbal Communication: Readings with Commentary. Oxford University Press, 1974. Hadar, U., Steiner, T. J., Rose, F. C. Head Movement During Listening Turns in Conversation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9(4). Winter 1985. Kappas, A., Hess, U., Barr, C., Kleck, R. Angle of Regard: The Effect of Vertical Viewing Angle on the Perception of Facial Expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 18(4). Winter 1994. Kleinke, C. Gaze and Eye Contact: A Research Review. Psychological Bulletin. v. 100, n. 1. 1986.

    66. 11/15/2011 7:40 PM 66 References (Cont.) Knapp, M., Hall, J. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Fourth Edition. Harcourt Brace Publishers. 1997. Lance, B., Marsella, S., Koizumi, D. Towards Expressive Gaze Manner in Embodied Virtual Agents. AAMAS Workshop on Empathic Agents. 2004. Lasseter, J. Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation. Computer Graphics. v. 21, n 4. July 1987. Marsella, S., Carnicke, S. M., Gratch, J., Okhmatovskaia, A., Rizzo, A. An Exploration of Delsarte’s Structural Acting System. Proceedings of the Intelligent Virtual Agents IVA 2006 Conference. 2006. McClave, E. Linguistic Functions of Head Movements in the Context of Speech. Journal of Pragmatics. v. 32, 2000. de Meijer, M. The Contribution of General Features of Body Movement to the Attribution of Emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 13(4). Winter 1989. Mignault, A., Chaudhuri, A. The Many Faces of a Neutral Face: Head Tilt and Perception of Dominance and Emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 27(2). Summer 2003. Pollick, F., Paterson, H., Bruderlin, A., Sanford, A. Perceiving Affect from Arm Movement. Cognition. i 82, B51-B61. 2001. Rime, B., Boulanger, B., Laubin, P., Richir, M., Stroobantst, K. The Perception of Interpersonal Emotions Originated by Patterns of Movement. Motivation and Emotion. v. 9, n. 3. 1985. Schouwstra, S., Hoogstraten, J. Head Position and Spinal Position as Determinants of Perceived Emotional State. Perceptual and Motor Skills. v. 81, 1995. Thomas, F., Johnston, O. The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation. Walt Disney Productions. 1981. Zhao, L., Badler, N. Acquiring and Validating Motion Qualities from Live Limb Gestures. Graphical Models. v. 67 i. 1. January, 2005.

More Related