Chemical Characteristics of Frac Flowback Water & Technologies Deployed to Recycle Water, Reduce Waste Volumes &am

1. Chemical Characteristics of FracFlowback Water & Technologies Deployed to Recycle Water, Reduce Waste Volumes & Reduce Cost Patrick Blau Special Projects Mgr Chemical Engineering

2. Tervita Manages Waste

3. Tervita Facilities

4. Water Supply & Use Percentage of Water Used by Market Segment in the U.S. • Oil and gas sector: • A small user of water relative to other segments • A large recipient of attention and regulatory scrutiny • Industry’s water management critical to social license • Regulations continue to tighten on industry & limit access Source: USGS Cubic meters used in Alberta

5. Produced Water Volumes O & G • Produced water volumes predicted to increase by 32% by 2025* • Potential for water reuse exists to decrease freshwater use • Produced water management is a major cost to industry and consumes resources otherwise slated for hydrocarbon production Other states 20% USA 21 billion bbl/yr Texas 35% 70 billion bbl/yr Worldwide produced water volume (2007) USA21 billion bbl/yr Produced water volume (2007) California 12% Louisiana 5% Wyoming 11% Rest of the world 49 billion bbl/yr Kansas 6% Oklahoma 11% * Source: Clarke & Veil, 2009

6. Addressing Environmental Concerns of Hydraulic Fracturing • There has been a significant increase in fracking: • Between 2004-2009 US shale gas supply increased 5 times • In Canada, shale gas currently accounts for nearly 30% of natural gas production • This has led to concerns/perceptions about: • Aquifer and soil contamination • Unsustainable water use • Seismic activity

7. What The Frac?

8. Typical Horizontal Shale Well and Frac Aquifers are typically at much shallower depths than shale gas zones Well constructed wellbore and casing prevent upward migration of frac fluid and produced water • Old, poorly constructed existing vertical wells are a potential contamination risk during fracking • Pressure characteristics within the geology determine the extent to which vertical fracturing may exist

9. Fracs and Aquifer Contamination • Pay zone frac typically separated from aquifers by thousands of feet and several impermeable layers, vertical frac propagation typically < 300 ft • Historic Data – Oilfield contamination issues, where it has occurred, focused on surface operations and historic oil/gas wells in the area. Not Frac related. • Presence of methane in drinking water wells, where observed, is associated with naturals sources. Not associated with recent drilling. • Disclosure and understanding of additives is helpful and adds transparency for the public.

10. Incidents Investigated and Determined Cause of Problem (Kell, 2011) Source: King 2012. Estimating Frac Risk and Improving Frac Performance in Unconventional Gas and Oil Wells.

11. Aquifer and Soil ContaminationLeading Practices for Risk Mitigation • Baseline aquifer data assessment allows accurate monitoring and real-time adjustment • Comprehensive environment and geology assessment facilitate effective frac planning • Pad development for drilling minimizes surface impact • Improved frac and produced water storage and treatment minimize contamination risk • Improved isolation through cement additives

12. Understanding Additives Source: http://fracfocus.org/water-protection/drilling-usage

13. Chemicals Commonly Used in Shale Fracturing and Consequences of Not Using the Chemical Source: http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/A_Guide_to_Chemicals_in_Fracturing_10_Aug_2010.pdf

14. How Much Chemical is Used? Source: http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/A_Guide_to_Chemicals_in_Fracturing_10_Aug_2010.pdf

15. Sustainable Water UseLeading Practices for Risk Mitigation • Re-use of fluids during drilling. • Tervita “Closed Loop” systems treat and enable the re-use of drilling fluids. • Treatment of flowback and produced water • Tervita water treatment technologies minimize environmental impact • Understanding resource availability • Brackish water can be treated for use to minimize freshwater use

16. Frac Water Example • A typical frac may require 10 to 20,000 m3 of water1 • This recovers about 11,000 person years of energy2 • Typical 100,000 ppm TDS Flowback concentration with variable non-carbonate and carbonate hardness depending on region

17. DRILLING FLUIDS WELL FLUID MAKE UP TANK RIG SHAKERS UNDERFLOW RIG TANK S RIG TANK S CUTTINGS CENTRIFUGE FEED Chemical Injection System DRYING SHAKER POLYMER UNDERFLOW CENTRIFUGE (High G) CENTRATE SOLIDS BINS SOLIDS Closed Loop Drilling Control Cabin & Laboratory Rig Equipment TervitaEquipment Centrifuge Mixing Tank Chemical Injection System

18. Chemistry of FracFlowback Water Sources: Canadian Shale Basins, Bakken, Haynesville, Marcellus, Barnet flowback water chemical analysis

19. Tervita Mobile Water Treatment Softened H2O H2O In Stablflote ® Portable RO Unit (optional) Clarifier Centrifuge Dry Solids Out Centrate Re-Cycle VRU (Vertical Reactor Unit)

20. Haynesville Water

21. Seismic ActivityLeading Practices for Risk Mitigation • Assessment of fault location to minimize fault risk during frac planning • Reduce fracflowback and produced water disposal to minimize seismic activity related to disposal caverns • Careful monitoring to minimize risk • Pressure monitoring • Frac propagation monitoring

22. Increasing Industry Response • The industry is responding to growing awareness around impacts and mitigating strategies • CAPP together with industry partners established newly created Guiding Principles and Operating Practices for Hydraulic Fracturing • Guidelines impact: • Use and disclosure of frac fluid additives, groundwater testing, wellbore construction quality, water sourcing, fluid management

23. Additional Resource Utilization • Collaboration with Oil & Gas operators to identify valuable fluid streams previously deemed as waste. 1. At the Drilling Site • a. Extending the material life. • b. “Upgrading” to lower disposal cost option. 2. At the TRD Processing Plant Examples: Saltwater/ Calcium Chloride Brines 3. BackhaulSavings. Private & Confidential

24. Questions or Comments? Pat Blau (701)-577-4001 pblau@tervita.com or Preston McEachernDirector, Research and DevelopmentTervita Corporation(403) 718-1266 pmceachern@tervita.com