1 / 25

Introduction

Psychological Well-Being and the Big Five: A Reciprocal Story Chris C. Martin & Corey L. M. Keyes Dept. of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA Lifespan Social–Personality Preconference 2013 Fourteenth Annual Meeting of SPSP, New Orleans, LA chris.martin.e@gmail.com.

salim
Download Presentation

Introduction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Psychological Well-Being and the Big Five: A Reciprocal StoryChris C. Martin & Corey L. M. KeyesDept. of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GALifespan Social–Personality Preconference 2013Fourteenth Annual Meeting of SPSP, New Orleans, LAchris.martin.e@gmail.com

  2. As the life sciences progress: • Decline in theories of unidirectional effects • Rise in theories of cyclic and reciprocal effects • e.g., biological coevolution, gene-culture coevolution, family systems • Personality psychology is a “late bloomer.” Introduction

  3. First Generation (Trait theorists) Emphasized stability, not change, to establish validity Did not use longitudinal methods Second Generation: Change over time was studied, with a focus on stability, maturity, and individual differences Third Generation: Life events, genetics, sociogenomics, reciprocal causation Longitudinal Trait Change: A History

  4. Context Psychoanalytic theory preceded trait theory Studying traits required theoretical justification Basis of traits was lexical Arguments About Stability Critics of traits emphasized situational variance Counter-arguments First Generation

  5. Pattern: Gradual change from stability to change as focus of research Three Strains: Stability and Rank-Order Consistency -- Quantifying stability over the lifespan’s segments Maturation and Mean-Level Change -- Uncovering common maturation processes Individual Differences -- Examining heterogeneity of trajectories --Life events Second Generation

  6. Explanations of both personality consistency and change: Personality Consistency (Roberts & Caspi, 2003)--Genetic effects -- Attraction, selection, evocation, etc.-- Meta-process: identity clarity Personality Change (Trzesniewski et al., 2003)-- Roles, social learning -- Work experiences, Relationship experiences, Historical/Political Factors Third Generation: Causal Exploration

  7. Specht, Egloss, & Schmukle (2012) Examining mechanisms of personality maturation: The impact of life satisfaction on the Big Five --German sample --Increases in life satisfaction covaried with positive increases in traits--Increase fit to environment may drive up satisfaction, which may then motivate personality change--Personality change may increase social rewards, which increase satisfactionLimitations--Only life satisfaction was measured Recent Research I

  8. Hill, Turiano, Mroczek, & Roberts (2012) Examining concurrent and longitudinal relations between personality traits and social well-being in adulthood --American sample (MIDUS)--Incorporated four facets of social well-being --Latent growth curve analyses--Discovered covariation of social well-being and Big Five trait development Recent Research II

  9. --Study of covariation between trait change and well-being change--Incorporate three types of well-being Overview of Current Study   Emotional Wellbeing (EWB): Pertains to affective state (PA, SWLS)  Psychological Wellbeing (PWB): Pertains to existential coping   Social Wellbeing (SWB): Pertains to integration and connectedness

  10. --Based on eudaimonia, an Aristotelian concept • --Draws on conceptions from Erikson, Jung, Allport, Maslow, Rogers, and others • --Dimensions are: • Self-acceptance • Purpose in Life • Environmental Mastery • Positive Relations • Personal Growth • Autonomy Psychological Well-Being (Ryff)

  11. --Based on sociological conceptions of well-being • --Draws on Durkheim, Seeman, and Marx • --Dimensions are: • Social integration • Social acceptance • Social contribution • Social actualization • Social coherence Social Well-Being

  12. --MIDUS I (1995-96) and MIDUS II (2004-2006) -- Non-institutionalized, English-speaking adults, ages 25-74 -- Random digit dialing led to phone interview and questionnaire Mid-Life Development in the U.S. (MIDUS)

  13. Big Five: Combined 25 adjectives from multiple scales (Lachman & Weaver, 1997) Emotional Well-Being: 7 PA items, 1 SWLS item Psychological Well-Being: Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being Social Well-Being: Keyes’s Scale of Social Well-Being Perceived Neighborhood Quality Measures of Traits, Well-Being, Environment

  14. A. I feel safe being out alone in my neighborhood during the daytime B. I feel safe being out alone in my neighborhood at night. C. I could call on a neighbor for help if I needed it D. People in my neighborhood trust each other High scores reflect positive perception of home & neighborhood (Keyes, 1998). In MIDUS I: Range = 1–4. Mean = 3.4. SD = .5. Skewness = -1.1 Perceived Neighborhood Quality/Health (α = .68)

  15. Used difference Scores to measure longitudinal change in traits and well-being Difference scores are useful when only two time points are used (e.g., Graham & Lachman, 2012; Human et al., 2012; Turiano et al., 2012; see Rogosa & Willett, 1983) Data Analysis

  16. Results: Extraversion (T2) as Outcome

  17. Results: Psych. Well-Being (T2) as Outcome

  18. Results: Summary

  19. Moderator: Perceived Neighborhood Quality(Using MODPROBE Macro in SPSS [Hayes;afhayes.com])

  20. --"Healthy" maturation on a trait is associated with positive well-being outcomes --Reciprocally, growth in well-being is associated with "healthier" levels on health traits. Discussion

  21. Extraversion and neuroticism are analogs of approach and avoidance (Elliot & Thrash, 2010) Functions are appetitive goal pursuit (planned) and avoidance of threats (typically unplanned) Approach goals are associated with greater well-being than avoidance goals Approach and Avoidance

  22. Upward focus: --Frederickson's Broaden and Build Hypothesis & upward spiral dynamics Homeostatis Focus --Charles's Strength and Vulnerability Integration --”Set point" theory and hedonic treadmill (Diener, Lucas, and Scollon, 2009) Similarities with Other Research

  23. --State extraversion is for accomplishing goals, according to whole-trait theory (McCabe and Fleeson, 2012) --"Extraversion appears to facilitate people's goals to have fun, to connect with people, to entertain people, to stir things up, and to be a leader, among many others” Pragmatic Nature of Traits

  24. Observer ratings would have improved trait measurement. Multiple-wave studies would have helped for latent curve analysis (Singer & Willett, 2003). Limitations

  25. References Fredrickson, B. L. (in press). Positive emotions broaden and build. In E. Ashby Plant & P.G. Devine (Eds.), Advances on Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 47. Graham, E. K., & Lachman, M. E. (2012). Personality stability is associated with better cognitive performance in adulthood: Are the stable more able? Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr149 Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121-140. Lachman, M., & Weaver, S. L. (1997). The Midlife Development Inventory (MIDI) personality scales: Scale construction and scoring (Tech. Rep. No.1). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University, Department of Psychology. McCabe and Fleeson, 2012, What Is Extraversion For? Integrating Trait and Motivational Perspectives and Identifying the Purpose of Extraversion. Also perhaps McCabe's dissertation: ""The Distinctiveness of Extraversion and Conscientiousness through Goal Pursuit: A Test of the Subcomponent-State Function Theory"" Rogosa, D. R., & Willett, J. B. (1983). Demonstrating the reliability the difference score in the measurement of change. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20, 335-343. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1983.tb00211.xRyff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Flourishing students: A longitudinal study on positive emotions, personal resources, and study engagement. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 142-153Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Yes, I can, I feel good, and I just do it!" On gain cycles and spirTuriano, A., Pitzer, L. M., Armour, C., Karlamangla, A., Ryff, C. D., & Mroczek, D. K.(2012). Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: Findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS). The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr072

More Related