AP Review Session: Creating the Global Economy

1. AP Review Session:Creating the Global Economy Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School

2. Reviewing the Post-Classical Era

3. Silk Roads 2.0 & 3.0

4. Indian Ocean Trade

5. Trans-Saharan Trade

6. Early Modern Erac.1450 – c.1750

7. Major Concepts • Key Concept 4.1 – Globalizing Networks of Exchange • Intensification and disruption of existing trade regional networks including Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Trans-Saharan, and overland Eurasia • European technological developments in cartography & navigation built upon previous classical, Islamic, and Asian technologies • Examples of technologies? • Creation of global trade networks and empires. • Chinese & European Exploration • Rise of joint-stock companies • Columbian Exchange • Spread of religion and artistic styles For more information World History Crash Course #19

8. Major Concepts • Key Concept 4.2 – New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production • Increases and changes in traditional agriculture. • Intensification of peasant labor (China, India, etc.) • Continuation & expansion of African slave trade. • Demands for coerced labor increased in the Americas • Social and political elites changed, as well as, new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies

9. AP Practice Prompt • Right side of the room: Discuss with the people sitting near you the potential thesis categories for the following CCOT prompt. Which evidence would you use to support your categories? Analyze the social and economic transformations that occurred in the Atlantic world as a result of new contracts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1492 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

10. AP Practice Prompt • Left side of the room: Discuss with the people sitting near you the potential thesis categories for the following CCOT prompt. Which evidence would you use to support your categories? Analyze continuities and changes in the commercial life of the Indian Ocean region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

11. AP Practice Prompt • Middle of the room: Discuss with the people sitting near you the potential thesis categories for the following comparison prompt. Which evidence would you use to support your categories? Compare demographic and environmental effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas with the Columbian Exchange’s demographic and environmental effects on ONE of the following regions between 1492 and 1750. Africa Asia Europe

12. Historical Evidence for Key Concept 4.1

13. Evidence for Exploration • Specific voyages: • Zheng He • Prince Henry the Navigator • Vasco da Gama • Christopher Columbus • Manila galleons • British, Dutch, & French exploration of the North Atlantic For more information World History Crash Course #21

14. European trade empires in the Indian Ocean Map of the Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) An additional example would be the British East India Company in India For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts & Crash Course #229

15. Silver led to Globalization The thick red line is the global flow of silver! For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts

16. Atlantic System & Commercial Revolution • Additional evidence: • Mercantilism • Joint-stock companies • Plantation system • Slaves • Indentured servitude • New European social classes: • Bourgeoisie • Proletariat

17. Columbian Exchange For more information World History Crash Course #23

18. Historical Evidence for Key Concept 4.2

19. Ming Dynasty • Economic Recovery • Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain • Increased demand for silk textiles for export intensified peasant labor • “Silver Sink” • Single-whip tax system increased demand for silver • Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of world trade • Canton Systems • Limited trade to Macao/Canton

20. Atlantic Slave Trade Rise of Plantation System in Caribbean, Brazil, & Southern colonies of British North America Notice: Very few slaves were bound for mainland New Spain! For more information World History Crash Course #24

21. Economy of New Spain • Encomiendas • Manorialism in New World • Plantation System • Uses African slaves • Haciendas • Large cattle ranches • Mining • “Heart of the Empire • Coercive labor (mita) Value of Spanish gold and silver imports from 1515-1660 For more information World History Crash Course #25

22. Other Notables • Japanese silver production led to political unification, a decline of the daimyo, and the rise of a merchant class. • Japan also isolated trade to only the Dutch at port of Nagasaki. • Russian expansion to the frontier led to the expansion and intensification of serfdom. • Under the Mughal Empire, India continued to dominate in the production of cotton textiles. • Europeans began to establish trade outposts along the coast of India.

23. The Modern Era1750-1914

24. Major Concepts • Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism • Industrialization changed how goods were produced • Factors leading to the rise of industrial production • Development of machines & exploitation of fossil fuels • Industrialization became a global phenomenon – 2nd Industrial Rev. • Industrialization further integrated the global economy • Need for raw materials led to single export economies • Industrialization led to decline of traditional, agricultural economies • Industrial states sought out consumer markets for finished goods

25. Major Concepts • Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism • Financiers developed ideas (capitalism) & institutions (stock markets, insurance, etc.) to facilitate global economic investment • Rise of transnational businesses • Major developments in transportation and communication • Required examples: railroads, steamships, telegraphs, canals • Industrialization & global capitalism led to a variety of responses • Alternative to capitalism: socialism, Marxism, anarchism, welfare state • Role of government in industrialization (ex. China, Ottoman, Japan) For more information Crash Course #214 &Crash Course #33

26. Major Concepts • Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism • Social changes resulted from restructuring of global economy • New social classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat) • Changes in family structures, gender roles, and demographics • Urbanization led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of community (suburbs) • Key Concept 5.2 – Imperialism & Nation-State Formation • Industrialization and imperialism are directly related! • Key Concept 5.4 – Global Migration For more information World History Crash Course #35 & #213

27. Potential Essay Questions • Right Side • Compare differing responses to industrialization in any TWO of the following regions during the late 19th century and the early 20th century: Japan, Ottoman Empire, Russia • Left Side • Analyze the changes and continuities in ONE of the following region’s role in the global trade network in the late 18th century and late 19th century: Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia • Middle (pick your preferred question)

28. Required Factors for Industrial Production • Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber • European demographic changes & urbanization • Improved agricultural productivity • Legal protection of private property • An abundance of rivers and canals • Access to foreign resources • Accumulation of capital Sort these factors into common ideas! For more information World History Crash Course #32

29. Industrial Technology • Mechanization of Weaving • Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin • Iron Smelting – Bessemer steel process • Energy • Steam engine, electricity, etc. • Transportation & Communication • Canals, steamboat, railroads, telegraphs

30. Effects of Industrialization • Labor changes • Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome • Initially women & children work in factories • Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class • Labor unions were formed to protect workers • Rise of consumer culture • Standard of living increases • Frequent economic depressions

31. Responses to Industrialization • Capitalism – Adam Smith • Direct attack on mercantilism • Socialism • Marxism • The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels • Communism

32. Global Industrialization

33. Global Industrialization

34. Global Industrialization • Industrialization turned nations into manufacturers of consumer goods: • Western Europe (Great Britain & Germany), the United States, Japan • Industrialization turned some nations into “niche” producers: • Russia, parts of Latin America (Mexico, Argentina, etc.) • Industrialization turned some nations into suppliers of raw materials • Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Africa & parts of Latin America For more information World History Crash Course #212 & 213

35. Russian Industrialization • Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War • Abolish serfdom in 1861 • Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants • Limited industrialization led by government • Trans-Siberian railroad • Focus on heavy industry • 2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900 • Do NOT produce consumer goods

36. Japanese Industrialization • Meiji Restoration • Abolished feudal order • Industrialization supported by state • Rise of zaibatsu • Mitsubishi • Women work in silk factories

37. Africa: 1750-1914 Natural resources (gold, ivory, palm oil) replace slaves as exports to Europe. The result…

38. Imperialism

39. The Middle East • Ottoman Empire (a.k.a.“Sick Man of Europe”) • Declining agricultural revenues • Large debts to foreign nations • European imports exceed exports • Egypt • Muhammad Ali promotes cotton cloth production • Relied heavily on foreign investment • Successors build the Suez Canal

40. Asia & Global Industrialization • India • Britain transforms India from textile supplier to exporter of cotton • China • Struggles to modernize for many reasons (too many to identify here) • Southeast Asia • Europeans divide parts of Southeast Asia not already under Dutch control • Indentured Servitude • Indians, Chinese, & Japanese migrated to the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia to work as laborers

41. The 20th Century

42. Key Concepts • Key Concept 6.1 – Science & the Environment • Green Revolution • New energy technologies – oil & nuclear power – raised productivity and increased production of material goods • Humans changed their relationship with the environment • Competition over global resources • Global warming caused by greenhouse gases and other pollutants • Pollution, deforestation, and desertification

43. Key Concepts • Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy • States responded in a variety of ways to economic challenges • Communist governments controlled their economies • Soviet Five-Year Plans • Great Depression increased government intervention in economy • The New Deal • Newly independent nations attempt to guide their economy to promote economic development • End of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies • China under Deng Xiaoping

44. Key Concepts • Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy • States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent • New global economic institutions • IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization • Regional trade networks • European Union and NAFTA • Multinational corporations challenged state authority • Royal Dutch Shell or Coca-Cola

45. Potential Essay Questions • Right Side • Analyze the changes and continuities in nature of the global economy 1870 to the present. • Left Side • Compare reactions to the challenges of a rising global economy in the West in the 20th century to the reactions to the challenges of a global economy in the 20thcentury in ONE of the following regions: Eastern Europe, East Asia, South Asia • Middle (pick your preferred question)

46. Green Revolution

47. Effects of Green Revolution

48. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

49. U.S. Economy in 20th Century

50. China’s Economy Since Deng Xiaoping