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MIDTERM REVIEW

This review covers the use of semicolons in connecting sentences, identifying and correcting fragments and run-ons, and understanding linking verbs.

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MIDTERM REVIEW

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  1. MIDTERM REVIEW English 73 Ms. Brown

  2. Topics for Review • Semicolons • Are semicolons necessary in a short paragraph? • Fragments and Run-ons • Comma Splices • Action Verbs • Helping Verbs • Linking Verbs • Adjectives and Adverbs • Prepositions and prepositional phrases • Simple Sentences and Compound Sentences with punctuation • Transitional expressions • Conjunctions

  3. Semicolons Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZA8Z9Ur0NQ

  4. Semicolons • A semicolon (;) is a punctuation mark useful for connecting simple sentences. I suggest writing this definition on a notecard. • Amy studied for the exam; she passed the midterm. • It may also appear between items in a long list. • I have lived in Los Angeles, California; Bronx, New York; Houston, Texas; and Seattle, Washington.

  5. Semicolons • For the purpose of English 21, you should focus on using semicolons to connect two simple sentences that are closely related to each other! • Amy studied; she passed the midterm. • I made a homerun; the crowd cheered and celebrated for our team! • Mike and Mira are engaged; their wedding will be next summer.

  6. Semicolons • Are semicolons always necessary? • The short answer is no. Semicolons provide variety and sophistication to your compositions. • It is important not to overuse this punctuation.

  7. Fragments and Run-ons • A fragment is a sentence error that stopped too soon. • Since my test is next week. • A run-on is a sentence error that didn’t stop soon enough. • Since my test is next week I have a lot of studying to do hopefully I will pass all my classes this semester so I can keep my scholarship I’m very nervous.

  8. Fragment Activity

  9. Fragments • Fragments are pieces of a whole. You can correct the fragment by: • Adding a subject • Adding a verb • Connecting the dependent clause to the independent clause.

  10. Run-on Activity • Let’s correct the previous run-on sentence error. • I will need volunteers. Let’s get moving!

  11. Run-on Activity • Since my test is next week, I have a lot of studying to do. Hopefully, I will pass all my classes this semester, so I can keep my scholarship: I’m very nervous! • Methods of correcting a run-on sentence error include: • Semicolons • Comma + Coordinating conjunction • Period + Capital Letter • Semicolon + Adverbial conjunction + Comma

  12. Comma Splices • A comma splice is a sentence error, a type of run-on, that attempts to connect two complete sentences together with improper punctuation. • Amy studied for the exam, she passed the midterm. • Let’s go to the mall, I hear there’s a sale at Macy’s! • Sara, Sam, and Silas attend LA Harbor College, they carpool when they can.

  13. Comma Splices • Let’s watch this video for a visual of this grammatical problem! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rNYZVvyGS4

  14. Comma Splices • So how can we correct these comma splices now that we’ve reviewed a few methods? • Amy studied for the exam, she passed the midterm. • Let’s go to the mall, I hear there’s a sale at Macy’s! • Sara, Sam, and Silas attend LA Harbor College, they carpool when they can.

  15. Comma Splices • Now would be a good time to create a notecard for studying purposes! There are several ways to correct a comma splice: • Comma + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) • Amy studied for the exam, so she passed the midterm. • Semicolon • Let’s go to the mall; I hear there’s a sale at Macy’s! • Period + capital letter • Sara, Sam, and Silas attend LA Harbor College. They carpool when they can.

  16. Action Verbs • An action verb implies that the subject has completed an action. • Amy studied for the exam. (Studied is an action because it implies that she read or reviewed her notes, her book, etc.) • I helped Mrs. Collin’s cross the street. (Help is an action verb because it implies that the body was moved in a physical way.) • They talked and kissed all night. (Can you visualize the movement/action?)

  17. Linking Verbs • A linking verb links a subject to a description. • Amy has red hair and a brown birthmark on her cheek. • She is very tall. • My car was old, so I sold it. • The house next door is dirty. • I am sad; my favorite athlete retired. • Flowers are beautiful in springtime. • We were exhausted after our plane ride. • Concerts are loud.

  18. Linking Verbs, Part 2 • A sensory linking verb links a subject to a description. • You look happy today. • Freshly baked donuts smell divine. • Your guitar sounds broken and out of tune. • My french fries taste salty. • These socks feel warm on my cold feet.

  19. Helping Verbs • A helping verb appears with a main verb (an action verb or linking verb). For example: • Amy was studying before her brother interrupted by knocking on the door. • I can help Mrs. Collin’s cross the street. • The bride is looking beautiful in her white dress. • He was feeling sick and decided to stay home.

  20. Helping Verbs Song • Sometimes, it’s best to memorize the helping verbs. • Check out this song! The helping verbs can be remembered by singing along to Jingle Bells: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F2JWKY63K0&NR=1&feature=fvwp

  21. Lyrics to the Helping Verb Song • Helping verbs, helping verbs, there are twenty-three: • am, is, are, was and were • being, been, and be • have, has, had • do, does, did • shall, should, will, and would • There are five more helping verbs: may, might, must, can, could.

  22. Adjectives • An adjective is a descriptive word that modifies a noun. • His hazel eyes look like topaz jewels. • The blue and white Staples Center is wide. • The tall buildings block the hot sun.

  23. Adverbs • An adverb is a descriptive word that modifies a verb or another adjective. In short, the adverb will tell you how something is done or the degree of how something is described. • I slept late; therefore, I rushed quickly to class. • How did you sleep? • How did you rush to class? • You are so beautiful. He is very nice. • How beautiful are you? • How nice is he?

  24. Adverbs • An adverb is a descriptive word that modifies a verb or another adjective. In short, the adverb will tell you how something is done (time, manner, or frequency) or the degree of how something is described. • I slept late; therefore, I rushed quickly to class. • How did you sleep? Late (time) • How did you rush to class? Quickly (manner) • He often gives compliments to women. He is very nice. • How does he give compliments? Often (frequency) • How nice is he? Very (degree)

  25. Adjectives and Adverbs • It is important to recognize the difference between an adjective and an adverb. You must learn to examine the parts in the sentence. • My car’s engine is slow. • He drives slowly on busy streets. • I sleep late and peacefully on weekends. • I was very late to class. • Can you identify the adjective or adverbs in each sentence?

  26. Adjectives and Adverbs • It is important to recognize the difference between an adjective and an adverb. You must learn to examine the parts in the sentence. • My car’s engine is slow. • My = Possessive Pronoun • car’s = concrete noun with a possessive apostrohpe • engine = concrete noun as the SUBJECT • is = LINKING VERB • slow = adjective • Note: Possessives are NEVER the subject in a sentence.

  27. Adjectives and Adverbs • It is important to recognize the difference between an adjective and an adverb. You must learn to examine the parts in the sentence. • He drives slowly on busy streets. • He = SUBJECT pronoun • drives = ACTION VERB • slowly = adverb • on busy streets = prepositional phrase -- Note: Subjects are NEVER in the prepositional phrase of a sentence.

  28. Adjectives and Adverbs • It is important to recognize the difference between an adjective and an adverb. You must learn to examine the parts in the sentence. • I sleep late and peacefully on weekends. • I = SUBJECT pronoun • sleep = ACTION VERB • late = adverb • and = conjunction • peacefully = adverb • on weekends = prepositional phrase

  29. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases • A preposition is a word that tells you the position, spatial or temporal, of nouns and other parts of speech. The prepositional phrase includes the preposition and a noun or object following. • I studied in the library. • The preposition is in • The prepositional phrase is in the library Let’s check out this following video for a visual! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4jIC5HLBdM&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_F6hk6rS_xg

  30. Compound Sentences with Punctuation • A compound sentence is a sentence that joins two or three simple sentences together with proper punctuation: • Comma + Coordinating Conjunction • Sara and Sam are best friends, and they never fight. • Semicolon • I ate too much pizza; my stomach hurts. • Semicolon + transitional expression + comma • We are reviewing for the midterm exam; therefore, Ms. Brown hopes everyone studies and earns an A on Thursday.

  31. Compound Sentences with Punctuation • Semicolon + transitional expression + comma • We are reviewing for the midterm exam; therefore, Ms. Brown hopes everyone studies and earns an A next week. • Don’t forget HOTSHOTCAT for additional expressions.

  32. Compound Sentences with Punctuation • Let’s examine your quiz scores! • Where did you go wrong? • Try correcting your mistakes now and share your results with a peer sitting next to you. • Does every sentence in a paragraph need a S+V • Yes, every sentence needs at least one subject and one verb to be a complete thought.

  33. Transitional Expressions • There’s a difference between a transition and a transitional expression: • Transitions such as: for example, secondly, lastly, etc. are necessary from one support point to another. • Transitional expressions can help connect two simple sentences together. • Take a look! • He studied for the exam; however, he forgot to bring a pen to class.

  34. Transitional Expressions • The easiest way to remember transitional expressions is to remember HOT SHOT CAT! • See handout provided by Ms. Brown • Note transitional expressions are formally called “Adverbial conjunctions”

  35. Conjunctions • Besides adverbial conjunctions (HOTSHOTCAT), we mostly use the coordinating conjunctions. These can be remembered by the acronym FANBOYS! • See your textbook for further explanation.

  36. GOOD LUCK! • Your midterm will cover material from chapters 1-7, 9-11, Appendix A, short story readings and their vocabulary, punctuation, handouts, and presentations provided. • Study and come prepared!

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