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TDT4252 Modelling of Information Systems Advanced Course

TDT4252 Modelling of Information Systems Advanced Course. Sobah Abbas Petersen Adjunct Associate Professor sap@idi.ntnu.no. Overview of lecture today. Process Modelling: IDEF0 and BPMN Based on the following articles:

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TDT4252 Modelling of Information Systems Advanced Course

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  1. TDT4252Modelling of Information SystemsAdvanced Course Sobah Abbas Petersen Adjunct Associate Professor sap@idi.ntnu.no Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  2. Overview of lecture today • Process Modelling: IDEF0 and BPMN Based on the following articles: • Vernadat, F. B. (1996), Chapter 4: Modelling Functional Aspects, in Enterprise Modelling and Integration: Principles and Applications. Chapman and Hall. ISBN: 0 412 60550 3 • Noran, Ovidiu, S. Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF, Griffiths University, http://www.ict.griffith.edu.au/noran/Docs/UMLvsIDEF.pdf. • Menzel, Christopher, Mayer, Richard J. The IDEF Family of Languages. (pages 1-11 only) http://cmenzel.org/Papers/idef-family.pdf Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  3. From lecture on perspectives to conceptual modelling • Structural • Functional • Behavioral • Rule-oriented • Object-oriented • Social communication • Actor/role-oriented Perspectives of an enterprise Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  4. Functional Modelling • Methods to model the functional aspects of an enterprise: the things to be done and the way things are done in an enterprise. • The purpose of a functional modelling approach is to describe the enterprise functionality and enterprise behaviour to the level of detail required by business users. Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  5. Enterprise Functionality • Concerns the things to be done, i.e. activities and operations performed, either by humans or machines, within an enterprise. • Enterprise functionality represents actions performed in the form of functions transforming input into output, over a period of time. Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  6. Enterprise Behaviour • Concerns flow of control within an enterprise, i.e. the sequence in which things are done. • Enterprise behaviour governs the way enterprise functionality is performed according to occurrences of enterprise states and real-world events. Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  7. Functional Modelling Methods • Most functional modelling methods are based on a functional decomposition principle: functions of the system modelled are decomposed into sub-functions, sub-functions into sub-functions, and so on. • Functions can be activities or processes. • Functions are then connected by means of a precedence relationship to model the business processes of the enterprise. Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  8. Terminology: Activity and Process • Activity: An activity f performs something, usually transforming its inputs into outputs. Generally, this transformation may happen if some condition C is verified. • Activity f transforms an input state into an output state, under condition C. • Process: Processes are logico-temporal sequences of activities. They are partially ordered sets of activities. • Task: a part of a set of actions for completion. Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  9. Taxonomy of Manufacturing Enterprise Activities Planning Scheduling Ref: Vernadat, 1996 Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  10. Business Processes • A business process is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product (serve a particular goal) for a particular customer or customers. (Ref: Wikipedia) • A business process is a sequence (or partially ordered set) of enterprise activities, execution of which is triggered by some event and will result in some observable or quantifiable result. (Ref: Vernadat, 1996) Goal Think as processes instead of functions and procedures! Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  11. Business Processes Modelling • Business Process Models take into account the business goals, business structure and the resources that are available to achieve the business goals. • This introduces additional concepts to the ones introduced in functional modelling: input transformed into output, under a specific condition. • Business Goals • Resources As-is To-be Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  12. History • Flow charts • Control flow diagrams • Gantt Charts • Pert charts • SADT/IDEF • UML (Unified Modelling Language) • BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation) Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  13. SADT • SADT: Structured Analysis Design Technique (Ross 1977, Ross and Schoman 1977) • Originally developed as a “system-blueprinting” method for software engineering, i.e. a method for detailed requirements definition. • Main strength: it is based on a structured methodology for decomposing complex systems into functions and sub-functions. • Not suitable for describing flows (it describes dependencies). • Only provides a static snapshot of the state of the system. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  14. IDEF Languages (1) • ICAM (Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) • IDEF = ICAM DEFinition Language • Originated in the 1970s, in the US Air Force and the ICAM program, based on SADT. • Initially intended for use in Systems Engineering • IDEF0 : for activity modelling or functional modelling. • Later a suite of languages: IDEF1, IDEF2… for more advanced modelling. • We will focus on IDEF0! Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  15. IDEF0 • IDEF0 : for activity modelling or functional modelling. • Models the decisions, actions and activities of an organisation or system, in order to communicate the functional perspective of a system. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  16. IDEF0: Syntax • A model of a function at the highest level of inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. ICOMs Controls • Inputs: items that trigger or are transformed in the activity • Controls: guide or regulate the activity • Mechanisms: resources used to perform the activity • Outputs: results of the activity or items processed or transformed Function Inputs Outputs Mechanisms Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  17. IDEF0: Decomposition • The top level is called a context. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  18. IDEF0: ICOMs • Input: • Can be a trigger • Input that is transformed to output. • Control • Guide or regulate activity • !!! Distinction between input and control: inputs change, controls remain unchaged. • Mechanism: resources needed to perform activity • People • Equipment, IT • Financial resources • Outputs • Results of a performing the activity Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  19. IDEF0: Dependency & Flow • Dependency: One process depends on another. • Flow: something flows between processes: Information, material Remember the Barings Bank case? Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  20. IDEF0 Model in Metis (1) Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  21. IDEF0 Model in Metis (2) Role of ICOMs Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  22. IDEF0 Model in Metis (3) The ICOMs show their relevance to the processes. They can be considered in more detail as other domains. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  23. IDEF0 Model in Metis (4) Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  24. IDEF0 Modelling in Metis • Use MEAF template • From Model Tree view, select: • Metis Enterprise Architecture Framework • Process Domain • Use Modelling Objects: • Process (object), Process Input (interface), Process Control(interface), Process Output (interface), Process Mechanism (interface) • To link processes via the ICOMs, use the menu process modelling menu, available on the process and ICOM objects: • Point to a process or an ICOM • Click right mouse button, a list of possible relationships appear • Select appropriate relationship Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  25. Connecting IDEF0 ICOMs to Other Domains in Metis • To link ICOMs to other domains in the model : • Select the desired object (e.g. a document) • Point to an ICOM • Click right mouse button, a list of possible relationships appear • Select appropriate relationship Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  26. IDEF0: Benefits • Supports understanding of the organisation • Helps improve our knowledge about the organisation • Supports decision making • Supports planning and improvement (e.g. by adding new processes easily) Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  27. IDEF0: Strengths & Weaknesses • Strenghts: • Effective in detailing the system activities for function modelling. • Provide a concise description of systems, by using the ICOMs (Input, Control, Mechanism, Mechanism) • The hierarchical nature allows the system to be easily refined into greater detail. • Weaknesses: • Can be so concise that only domain experts can understand. • Can be misinterpreted as representing a sequence of activities. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  28. IDEF and UML IDEF • Comes from manufacturing • Addresses business environments • Aims to cover O-O, knowledge representation and software development UML • O-O software • Driven by software development • Focussed on designing software systems • UML “business customisations” are based upon principles borrowed from IDEF. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  29. Discussion: IDEF0 • Is IDEF0 functional modelling or Process Modelling or both? • How can you use IDEF0 in your assignment? • How does IDEF0 link to the other modelling methods and languages we have looked at? Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  30. BPMN: Strenghts & Weaknesses • Strenghts: • Connects business process representations with system design • Represents a more unified modelling language than some of its predecessors • Weaknesses: • Difficult to model teamwork where the line of responsibility is not so clear. • Focussed towards process execution. Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  31. Discussion: BPMN • How does BPMN compare to IDEF0? • How does BPMN link to the other modelling methods and languages we have looked at? • How can you use BPMN in your assignment? When should we use which method? Lecture 6: Process Modelling

  32. Next Lecture • Product Modelling • Product Modelling in Metis Lecture 6: Process Modelling

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