What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are

3. What is an Ultracapacitor?:Ultracapacitors Are • A 100-year-old technology enhanced by modern materials • Based on polarization of an electrolyte, high surface area electrodes, and extremely small charge separation • Known as Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors and Supercapacitors

4. Electrolyte Dielectric Separator ECDL Film foil Electrode What is an Ultracapacitor?:Ultracapacitors Are C = er A/d Minimize (d) Maximize (A) E = 1/2 CV2

5. Basic Model • Series/Parallel configurations • Changes capacitor size; profiles are the same • Series configurations • Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance increases • Cs=Ccell/(#of cells in series) Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series) • Parallel configurations • Capacitance increases, Series Resistance decreases • CP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel) RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel) • Current controlled • Use output current profile to determine dV/dt • dV = I * (dt/C + ESR)

6. What is an Ultracapacitor?:Performance Characteristics • Ultracapacitors perform mid-way between conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells (batteries) • Fast charge and discharge capability • Highly reversible process, hundreds of thousands of cycles • Lower energy than a battery • ~10% of battery energy • Greater energy than electrolytic capacitors • Excellent low temperature performance

7. Application Model

8. When Can I Use an Ultracapacitor? • Applications that require high reliability back-up power solutions • Short term bridge power (1 - 60 seconds) for transfer to secondary source or orderly shut down • Power quality ride-through to compensate for momentary severe voltage sags • Power buffer for large momentary in-rush or power surges

9. Ultracapacitor Backup Power Available Power Required Power Back-Up Power Support • Ultracapacitors provide peak power… ...and back-up power.

10. Available Power RequiredPower Ultracapacitor Peak Power Peak Power Shaving • Ultracapacitors provide peak power...

11. Technology Comparison

12. 1000 0,1h 10h 1h 36sec 100 Li- Battery Ni/Cd Lead Acid Battery 3,6sec 10 U/C Energy Density/[Wh/kg] Double-Layer Capacitors 1 36msec 0,1 Al-Elco 0,36sec 0,01 10 100 1000 10000 Power Density/[W/kg] Technology Comparison Fuel Cells

14. Markets and Applications:Consumer Electronics • Market needs include: • Miniaturization • Burst-mode transmission • Compatibility with new/divergent designs • Greater functionality due to merging of protocols

15. Markets and Applications:Miniaturization • Requires smaller/more efficient devices • Burst Mode Transmission • Requires compatibility with lower voltage power supplies • Uses 1/2 voltage but requires at least 2 times current to maintain same power output • Allows for lower cost primary batteries instead of rechargeable batteries

16. Markets and Applications:Ultracapacitor Benefits • Price/performance/size improvements • Allows batteries to be sized for energy requirements, not power • Allows use of alternative, less expensive chemistries • Extends device use time by up to 100% • Allows primary (non-rechargeable) batteries to be used for lower cost and convenience • Allows smaller battery size while still meeting peak power requirements

17. PowerBurst Ultracapacitors:Cells • Cylindrical radial leaded devices • 0.5 Farad to 100 Farad, with other values on request • 2.7 Volts • Drop-in replacement to Panasonic, Ness, and others

18. PowerBurst Ultracapacitors:Modules • Maxwell parts inside PC5 and PC10 cells • Active or Passive balancing • 5.0 Volts to 25 Volts standard & customs • U.S. design and prototyping, Asian production. • Custom circuits and packaging available using PC or TPL cells.

19. Ultracapacitor Aging • Unlike batteries, ultracapacitors do not have hard end-of-life criteria • Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent through a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in resistance • End of life is when the capacitance and resistance are out of the application range, and this will differ depending on the application. • Therefore, life prediction is easily done

20. UC Benefits Summary • Calendar life • Function of average voltage and temperature • Cycle life • Function of average voltage and temperature • Charge acceptance • Charge as fast as discharge, limited only by heating • Temperature • High temp; no thermal runaway • Low temp; -40°C

21. UC Benefits Summary • No fixed VOC • Control flexibility; context-dependent voltage is permitted • Power source voltage compatibility • Examples: Fuel cells, photovoltaics • No Vmin • Cell can be discharged to 0 Volts • Control safety: no over-discharge • Service safety

22. UC Benefits Summary • Cell voltage management • Only required to prevent individual cell over-voltage • State of charge and state of health • State of charge equals VOC • Dynamic measurements for C and EST equals state of health • No historical data required

23. Inventory Management Services • Warehousing and Material Management • N. America & Asia • Schedule Share, Demand Pull, Consignment, EDI • NPI facility in San Diego for quickturn custom modules. • Third Party warehousing • Customer specific programs tailored to individual needs