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Development of Vocabulary

2. Development of Vocabulary. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family. World languages: 3000-5000 Language families: 300 Indo-European Language Family (IELF) Europe Middle East Far East. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family. IELF: Eastern Set & Western Set Eastern Set:

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Development of Vocabulary

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  1. 2 • Development of Vocabulary

  2. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family • World languages: 3000-5000 • Language families: 300 • Indo-European Language Family (IELF) • Europe • Middle East • Far East

  3. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family • IELF: Eastern Set & Western Set • Eastern Set: • Balto-Slavic (7): Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Russian • Indo-Iranian (4): Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany • Armenian (1): Armenian • Albanian (1): Albanian

  4. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family • Western set: • Hellenic (1): Greek • Celtic (4): Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton • Italic (Latin) (5) : Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian (Ramance) • Germanic (8): Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic (Scandinavian); German, Dutch, Flemish, English

  5. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family • All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent.

  6. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Celts (natives) Romans (55-54 BC) Anglo-Saxons (410: Angles, Saxons, Jutes) = (Germanic tribes)

  7. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Old English (450-1150) • Two events: • 1. Latin-speaking Roman missionaries headed by St. Augustine came tospread Christianity in Britain at the end of the 6th century. • Words borrowed: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle

  8. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • 2. Invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings in the 9th century • Words from Scandinavian: • father, husband, house, life, man, mother • 900 words borrowed • Many are in common use today

  9. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Characteristics: • 1. Small vocabulary (50,000—60,000 ); • 2. Small number of borrowings (from Latin and Scandinavian); • 3. Vocabulary full of endings.

  10. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Middle English (1150-1500) • 1066: Norman Conquest • a continual flow of Norman French words into English • Three languages existing side by side: • Latin (in the church) • French (in government, school, law court) • English (by native people)

  11. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • 1250—1500: 9,000 words from French • 75 % still in use today • state, power, prince, judge, court, crime, angel, mercy, peace, battle

  12. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Characteristics: • 1. A comparatively larger vocabulary; • 2. A tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin; • 3. Word endings leveled.

  13. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Modern English (1500-up to now) • Early Modern English (1500-1700) • Late Modern English (1700-up to now) • Contemporary English (1945-now) • Present-day English (now)

  14. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Renaissance (1400-1700) = revival of Greek and Roman classics • Words borrowed through translation • 1500—1700: +10,000 words • +25% of ME directly from Latin or Greek

  15. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary • Influential events: •  The Bourgeois Revolution around 1650s •  Industrial Revolution (1830-early 20th C) •  Colonization •  World War II •  Science and technology

  16. 2.3 General Characteristics • Characteristics: • 1. Huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; • 2. Tremendous borrowings; • 3. High receptivity and adaptability; • 4. Vocabulary with lost endings; • 5. Vocabulary expansion mainly by word-formation.

  17. 2.3 General Characteristics • Old English full endings • Middle English leveled endings • Modern English lost endings

  18. 2.3 General Characteristics • OldMiddleModern • leorn-ianlern-enlearn • mon-amone-emoon • stan-asston-esstone • sun-nesun-nesun • sun-usun-esun Full ending Leveled ending Lost ending

  19. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 1. Latin • (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon Period (before 410) • wall street wine trade • (2) Old English Period (410-1150) • alter candle mass nun • (3) Middle English Period (1150-1500) • include legal picture polite

  20. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 1. Latin • (4) Modern English Period • focus status bonus • vacuum minimum stratum • arena via militia • species series

  21. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 1. Latin • Roots: 359 • Latin: 253 74% • Affixes: 186 • Latin: 71 25%

  22. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 2. Greek • Words entered English through Latin. • medicine: anatomy diagnosis • science: astronomy geography • language: grammar etymology • literature: poet drama

  23. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 2. Greek • Roots: 359 • Greek: 91 25% • Affix: 186 • Greek: 52 28%

  24. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 3. French • ¼ of words from French • A large proportion of French words belong to basic vocabulary. • Example: 王子、公、侯、伯、子、男 • prince duke marquis count viscount baron • king queen (English)

  25. 2.4 Foreign Elements • Meat: beef veal pork venison • Meal: banquet feast dinner supper • breakfast (English) • Cuisine:烧、烤、炖、炒、煎、炸、煮 • broil, grill grate bake, stew simmer, fry, deep-fry, boil • Fashion: fashion, dress, coat, collar, lace

  26. 2.4 Foreign Elements • 4. Scandinavian • Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic • Nouns: husband sister leg skin • Verbs: get take call want • Adj: happy ill wrong low • Pron: they them their both

  27. 2.4 Foreign Elements • “An Englishman cannot thrive or be ill without Scandinavian words; they are to the language, what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.” • Jespersen (1948)

  28. 2.4 Foreign Elements • Role of borrowing in present vocabulary: • 6% - 7% of new words (Pyles and Algeo) • 6000 WORDS (1961-1976) • 473 borrowed words • French: 30% Latin: 8% • Japanese: 7% Italian: 7% • Spanish: 6% German: 5% • Greek: 5% Russian: 4% • Chinese: 2%

  29. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary • 12,000 Words • science and technology: 45% • life-style: 24% • social and economic terms: 11%

  30. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary • Reasons: • 1. Rapid growth of science and technology • green revolution astro-chemistry • irradiation • 2. Social, economic and political changes • TV dinner soul music girlcott

  31. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary • 3. Influence of other cultures and languages • Mao hat pita bread kungfu

  32. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development • Modes of development: • creation • semantic change • borrowing

  33. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development • 1. Creation= formation of new words by using the existing materials:roots and affixes • super-rich • colaholic • sportcast

  34. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development • 2. Semantic change = an old form which takes on a new meaning • break (dance) • mouse • web • monitor

  35. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development • 3. Borrowing (playing a slim role) • 4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words • AmEBrE • guess for think • druggist for chemist • fall for autumn • sick for ill

  36. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development • Summary

  37. END

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