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Chapter 11~ Cell Communication

Chapter 11~ Cell Communication. Signal-transduction pathway. Def : Signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance): √ Paracrine (growth factors) √ Synaptic (neurotransmitters) Long distance : hormones.

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Chapter 11~ Cell Communication

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  1. Chapter 11~Cell Communication

  2. Signal-transduction pathway • Def: Signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response • Local signaling (short distance): √ Paracrine (growth factors) √ Synaptic (neurotransmitters) • Long distance: hormones

  3. Stages of cell signaling • Sutherland (‘71) • Glycogen depolymerization by epinephrine • 3 steps: •Reception: target cell detection •Transduction: single-step or series of changes •Response: triggering of a specific cellular response

  4. Protein phosphorylation • Protein activity regulation • Adding phosphate from ATP to a protein (activates proteins) • Enzyme: protein kinases (1% of all our genes) • Example: cell reproduction • Reversal enzyme: protein phosphatases

  5. Second messengers • Non-protein signaling pathway ( • Example: cyclic AMP (cAMP) • Ex: Glycogen breakdown with epinephrine • Enzyme: adenylyl cyclase • G-protein-linked receptor in membrane (guanosine di- or tri- phosphate)

  6. Cellular responses to signals • Cytoplasmic activity regulation • Cell metabolism regulation • Nuclear transcription regulation

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