6.3 The Roman Republic becomes less republican and less virtuous…

1. 6.3 The Roman Republic becomes less republican and less virtuous… Fasces

2. Despite winning Punic Wars, Rome also suffered setbacks… • Returning veterans often had to sell farms when they returned • Latifundia • Slaves became more popular • SPARTACUS revolt put down! 73-71BC • Gathers 100,000 slaves! • Several armies fail… • 6000 Crucified Pompey gets credit, though Crassus is real victor

3. A problem: Growing gap between rich and poor • Patrician corruption grew • Senators had Greek slaves run businesses • Army officers focused on triumphs to show off booty • Exotic foods and fabrics came – pursuit of luxury What has happened to the idea of “gravitas”?

4. A new class of urban landless poor – or ___________ grew among the Punic War veterans ?Why is this a big problem?

5. Political rivalry settled by fighting • Gracchus brothers • Tribune Tiberius wanted reforms 133BC such as: • Distribute land to landless veterans • Limit size of latifundia • Tiberius (and later Tribune Gaius) will suffer similar fates…death by Senators!

6. Essay Question: Which factor(s) or people or events should bear the greatest portion of responsibility for the end of the Roman Republic and the start of one man rule? Why? 2-3 page typed essay due Monday– 100 pts 12 pt font, double spaced, 1 inch margins

7. Politicians break into two parties Optimates Populares

9. Consul Marius (Populares Party) broke Traditions of Roman Republic • Elected consul in 107BC, then served 6 consecutive terms, 105-100BC. • Legionairres’ Property Qualification • Equipment provided • Promise of booty • Allegiance to army general more than to Roman Republic • Created large standing professional army of proletariat class.

10. More traditions broken when Sulla (Optimates Party) emerged as a rival • Early on, (91BC) together they fought Italian allies uprising in Social War • Rome gave in and gave all Italians full Roman citizenship • Consul Sulla’s army attacked Marius’ supporters in Rome • Tradition of no armies in city is broken • Marius fights with gladiator army! • Sulla defeats Marius…temporarily Sulla Surviving Bust

11. Marius (P) elected Consul during Sulla’s (O) absence • Sulla left to fight in Asia • Marius returned to Rome to quell unrest – elected consul • Marius died suddenly Sulla returned to Rome • Sulla enticed some Marius’ men with material rewards • Slaughtered most* Marius loyalists • * But young Julius Caesar escaped Marius

12. Sulla continued to Break Roman Traditions • Senate elected him Dictator for life • But…then left job after 4 years!

13. Julius Caesar was a Populares Party member • Successful patrician family • Charismatic • Bribed Sulla’s men to spare his life • Was once captured by pirates, kept himself alive • Good speaker • Threw lavish parties to win affections • Appeals to poor with entertainments • Elected supreme priest • Earns support of rich Crassus who helps him become governor of Spain

14. First Triumvirate formed in 60BCE as a political alliance Julius Caesar • Caesar served 1 year as consul 59BC • Meanwhile, Crassus and Pompey put down Spartacus’ revolt • Pompey and Crassus elected as co-consuls in 70BC and later 55BC • Afterward, • Pompey returned to rank of general • Crassus… a senator Crassus Pompey Also called “The 3-Headed Monster”, by their enemies.

16. Caesar Impresses Romans with his Victories in Gaul • 10 years • Pushed army hard • Strategically prevented Celts from uniting their tribes • Caesar’s army killed 1/3 of enemy • Sent home journal: Commentaries on Gallic Wars

17. "Vercingetorix Throws his Arms at Caesar's Feet" by Lionel-Noel Royer, 1899.

18. Caesar’s popularity hurt the Triumvirate • 50 BCE - Consul Pompey and the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return • 49BCE - Rubicon River • Pompey fled to Greece • Battle of Pharsalus – Caesar wins • Pompey escaped but beheaded in Egypt by 15 yr old Pharoah

19. Caesar elected dictator for 10yrs • Made reforms that were popular • Expanded Senate from 600 to 900 • Ordered latifundia owners to replace 1/3 of slaves with paid proletariat workers • Created public works projects • Established new colonies for proletariat • Orders use of more scientific Julian calendar Caesar was the first Roman leader to put his own image on coins!!

20. Why was Caesar assassinated March 15, 44BC? • A threat to Roman Republic, according to Brutus and Cassius and followers • WHY? • Had become too powerful. • Another factor: Caesar had taken foreigner, Cleopatra as a lover/wife • had a son with her • Had made her queen in Egypt in that province • “E tu, Brute!” as he is stabbed. Next slide: “Death of Julius Caesar”painting by Vincenzo Camuccini.

22. Second Triumvirate • Mark Antony, close friend • Octavian, his adopted son and grandnephew • Lepidus • Pushed assembly to grant them power over Senate • They assemble army against Senators’ army Roman coin bearing the portraits of Mark Antony (left) and Octavian (right). Struck in 41 BC this coin was issued to celebrate the establishment of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian, Antony and Lepidus.

23. Octavian and MarkAntony go after Brutus and Cassius • The Generals’ armies face senate armies • 100 anti-Caesarian “republican” senators and 2000 others killed in Rome Coin commemorates the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Battle of Philippi

24. 2nd Triumvirate Breaks Up • Jealousy and infighting • Antony marries Cleopatra • Antony declares Cleopatra’s son legal heir to Julius Caesar • He divorced Octavian’s sister • Octavian sees Antony as a traitor to Rome • Antony and Octavian battle at sea, Antony defeated at Actium 31BC • Antony flees to Cleopatra’s arms • They separately commit suicide • Octavian becomes sole ruler The battle of Actium, by Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672.

25. Octavian becomes Augustus • After defeating Antony and Cleopatra, he is named “first citizen” ; he “saved” Rome! • In 27BC, he is named Augustus – a god’s title = most exalted one • Senate continues to exist but with no real power • Begins 41 year rule, longest of any emperor

26. How did each of these people contribute to the end of the Republic ? • Gracchus Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) • Marius • Sulla • (1st Triumvirate) • Julius Caesar • Pompey • (2nd Triumvirate) • Mark Antony • Octavian

27. Essay Question: Which factor(s) or people or events should bear the greatest portion of responsibility for the end of the Roman Republic and the start of one man rule? Why? 2-3 page typed essay due Monday– 100 pts 12 pt font, double spaced, 1 inch margins

28. The thesis must present an argument. • Can someone reasonably argue the opposite? • 1. No 3. Yes 2. Although 1, 2 because of 3.

29. #7. Critical Thinking: The most significant cause(s) of the end of the Republic and start of one man rule was/were…? • Veterans losing their lands • Gap between rich and poor • Loss of virtues or good morals • Growth of slavery • Marius and Sulla: their actions and civil war • The First Triumvirate • Caesar crossing the Rubicon • Caesar’s war with Pompey • Caesar declared dictator for 10 years • Octavian seeking revenge for Caesar • Or…..

30. 6 Tips for Writing a Thesis • Make it debatable • Make it one sentence • Put it at the end of the introduction • Better: Include a why • Better: Include an alternative problem w/o making it a contradiction (Although…) • Use Key Words (UKW) from thesis in the body of paper, especially topic sentences.