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Welcome Back! . Sun Devils are going to San Francisco!!!!! December 29 th , 2pm ESPN2- look for Ms. K there Last week of Instruction…3 weeks left of school Next week- test week Following week-final study week 2 weeks of break. Warm Up:.
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Welcome Back! • Sun Devils are going to San Francisco!!!!! December 29th, 2pm ESPN2- look for Ms. K there • Last week of Instruction…3 weeks left of school • Next week- test week • Following week-final study week • 2 weeks of break
Warm Up: • What do you know about the story of Christopher Columbus? Write at least 5 things down.
Learning Goal: • Analyze the motives of exploration in Europe • Distinguish the improving technology of the Exploration Age • Understand the REAL story of Christopher Columbus
European Exploration Ch 19.1
What exploration had already occurred? • Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. • Leif Erikson was the first European to reach the shores-left after two years because the land was inhabitable. • Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275.
Money! Money! Money! • The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of wealth. • Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia.
High Demand for Spices • Europeans became introduced to certain items during the Crusades. • After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items. • Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper • All of these added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. • Because the supply of spices was low, merchants could demand higher prices.
Everyone wants a piece of the action! • European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants. • This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia.
Christianity • The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration. • The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians and Muslims. • Christians wanted to continue to convert non-Christians throughout the world.
Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese Explorer “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”
The 3 “G’s” • The motto behind European Exploration became: GOLD GOD Glory
The Caravel • A new ship that made sea exploration possible • Sturdier than previous ships • It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind. • It was extremely maneuverable.
Astrolabe • The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims. • Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was.
Magnetic Compass • Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese
Astrolabe Compass
Portugal leads the way • Soon the Portuguese established trading posts all along the coast of Africa. • They traded gold and ivory. • Eventually, they traded for African slaves. • After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.
SPAIN IS JEALOUS! • Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in wealth. • The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabellaof Spain • Spain finally succeeded in kicking out the Moors, and they could finally focus on sea exploration. • Christopher Columbus sought financial help from the Spanish monarchy. • The Spanish monarchy refused his request 3 times. • The Queen called for Columbus when she learned he was going to ask the French for the money.
Agreement • The Spanish monarchy promised Columbus that he would be governor over lands he discovered, as well as be called, ‘admiral of the ocean seas’. • Columbus would also receive 10% of the profits. • In return, Columbus agreed to spread Christianity and return with gold, silver, and spices- never found any!!!!
Christopher Columbus • The Italian explorer left Spain on August 3, 1492 in search of a westward route across the Atlantic to reach India. • Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. • He took about 120 men, including an Arabic interpreter.
The Bahamas • On October 12, 1492, Columbus and his crew landed in the Caribbean. • He landed on an island somewhere in the Bahamas. • Historians debate exactly where Columbus first set foot. • The first island he visited, he claimed for the Spanish throne and renamed it ‘San Salvador’ -translation for ‘Holy Savior’.
Close up of San Salvador • Today San Salvador island (also known as Watling Island and Guanahani Island) is known for its sandy beaches and tropical climate. • Population is approx 1,000
San Salvador Can you imagine Columbus’s crew landing here? How would this environment be different than Spain? How do you think Columbus and his men felt?
The Taino people • Columbus believed he had reached the ‘Indies’, and therefore named the indigenous people ‘los indios’, or the Indians. • However, he was not in the Indies. • The people he encountered called themselves the Taino. • The Taino people were spread out all across the Bahaman islands.
Columbus Journal excerpt • “I presented them with some red caps, and strings of glass beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us. Afterwards they came swimming to the boats where we were, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins, and many other things…”
“Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them, for I showed them swords which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their javelins being without it, and nothing more than sticks, though some have fish-bones or other things at the ends.”
Columbus returns to Spain • The Spanish monarchy was extremely pleased with Columbus. • They financed three more voyages to the islands. • On his second voyage, he had 17 ships in his fleet and several armed soldiers. • He also brought 1,000 settlers. • The Spanish intended to colonize the area.
Activity • Warm Ups from last week- last page • Read the article then answer the questions- turn it in today!
Why is America named “America” and not “Columbia”? • Amerigo Vespucci • Italian explorer working for the Portuguese crown. • Traveled along the eastern coast of South America. • He returned to Europe and claimed that the newly discovered land was not part of ASIA, but a “New World”- wrote a very successful book on it • In 1507, a German map-maker named the new continent ‘America’ after him.
Interesting Note • Columbus died never knowing that he discovered the New World. • He died still believing it was the Indies.
Hernando Cortez (Spanish Conquistador, ‘Conqueror’) • Arrived in Mexico in 1519. • Cortes and his men reached the Tenochtitlan. • The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was convinced at first that Cortes was a god. • He agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire’s existing gold supply.
Cortes forced the Aztecs to mine more gold and silver. • In the spring of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out Cortes’s forces. • The Spaniards struck back and destroyed the Aztecs in 1521.
Cortes defeats the Aztecs • The Spanish had the advantage of superior weaponry. • Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards’ muskets and cannons. • Cortes was also able to recruit help from various native tribes.
Malinche • Native Aztec woman who helped Cortez convince other tribes to fight against Montezuma. • Many tribes hated their harsh practices of human sacrifices.