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The History of the World Psychiatric Association

The History of the World Psychiatric Association. Vera and Norman Sartorius. Geneva. The origins. Positive experience from an international conference on Neurology 1946 in Paris The International collaboration in the framework of the Nuremberg trials

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The History of the World Psychiatric Association

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  1. The History of the World Psychiatric Association Vera and Norman Sartorius. Geneva NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  2. The origins • Positive experience from an international conference on Neurology 1946 in Paris • The International collaboration in the framework of the Nuremberg trials • The wish for reconcilliation with German psychiatrists • After-war spirit of hope and global unity NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  3. Origins (2) • Personal ties between leading figures of psychiatry in Western Europe • Curiosity about the development of psychiatry in some of the countries, e.g. the USSR. • Creation of the WFMH, of WHO, of UNESCO, and other international agencies NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  4. The first steps • Talks begin, involving mainly French psychiatrists. • Invitations, handwritten and hand-delivered have an unexpectedly warm reception. • The First Congress takes place in Paris 1950: they might have been 1000 participants but no one seems to have counted. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  5. The First Congress • Henry Ey the spiritus movens of the event but not an academic psychiatrist invites Jean Delay to preside the Congress • Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Bleuler and other famous psychiatrists accept to come to Paris – although among many of them there is no love lost. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  6. The First Congress • The hosts make the congress very visible and memorable: • They place it into the Great Amphitheatre of the Sorbonne University • The participants are received by the President of France, V. Auriol, • There are festive dinners, theatre galas, other magnificent events. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  7. The First Congress: contents • There are discussions about • the limits of psychiatry, • languages of the congress, • collaboration with the UN agencies, • the classification of mental disorders and a common language for all of psychiatry, • the standardization of psychological tests NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  8. The First Congress: consequences • The creation of the Association for the Organization of International Congresses with up to 50 members from each participating country and an Executive office, including Cerletti, Delay, Delgado, Ey, Krapf, Sivadon • The decision to organize the next World Congress in Zurich in September 1957. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  9. The first Interim Period • The entry of countries behind the Iron Curtain into the Association • Preparation for the Congress in Zurich starting with a meeting of a select committee in Paris in 1954. • Ey and Bleuler debate the level of tolerance for the USSR regime's action (Hungary '56) NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  10. The Zurich Congress • The Congress takes place in Zurich but all participants come to Geneva and take a boat trip which is unforgettable • The Congress deals exclusively with schizophrenia: but other things are also presented, for example the first papers on antidepressant drugs. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  11. The Zurich Congress • More than 3000 psychiatrists attend the Congress. Many more, from Eastern Europe, had been denied a visa by their Government. Those who came had to leave their spouses at home. • The Russian Psychiatrists were not invited. • English, French German, Italian and Spanish languages are allowed and spoken. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  12. The Congresses that followed • Montreal 1961 • Madrid I. 1966 • Mexico City 1971 • Honolulu 1977 • Vienna 1983 • Athens 1989 • Rio de Janeiro 1993 NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  13. The Congresses that followed, ctd • Madrid II 1996 • Hamburg 1999 • Yokohama 2002 • …and WPA international and regional congresses in the intervening years. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  14. Events and developments that marked the period 1957-1966 • The Montreal Congress witnesses the change of name and function of the Association from one that was to organize congresses to its current designation which is to aim at some of its current objectives • The Russian psychiatrists participate for the first time. • St Georgy, Pauling, Lord Adrian and Piaget speak, and the range of topics increases vastly NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  15. Events 1957-1966 • The Statutes and Bylaws are developed and used for the registration of the World Psychiatric Association in Geneva 1961. Committees – on community psychiatry, for example are established and the Executive Committee with its 6 members begins to meet, once a year NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  16. Madrid I • The Madrid I 1966 World Congress is a success, • Henry Ey urges WPA to make the prevention of abuse of psychiatry one of its goals while Chertok, Sheznevski and Masserman chair a special symposium on psychiatry East and West. • Several future presidents of the WPA appear on the programme, modestly. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  17. Madrid I to Mexico, 1971 • The political situation changes and there are clouds on the skies of psychiatry too. The Prague Spring closes the Iron Curtain • Antipsychiatry grows in strength and coincides with the 1968 rebellions in Europe. Delay leaves psychiatry • The Vietnam war is aflame, and protests against it take force. • Dennis Leigh engages a number of UK psychiatrists to help him run the WPA NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  18. Mexico City 1971 • Henry Ey is absent, his letter read by Sivadon sharpens the attack on URSS psychiatry. The media have a field day • The Eastern block countries’ societies threaten to withdraw from WPA • The congress is held in a developing country and some developing country psychiatrists enter the programme NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  19. The 1971 to 1977, difficult years • Asuni, de la Fuente and Vartanjan enter the Executive committee. The Statutes change • Regional symposia and Section meetings take place. • Henry Ey leaves WPA in protest, • There are financial difficulties • The Hawaii declaration is being prepared NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  20. The 1971 –1977, ctd • 1972. the President’s statement on Principles of Medical ethics is seen by the EC and a number of delegates from 8 countries in 1973 • 1973. The Erevan Meeting creates the WPA Ethical Committee. In 1974 the EC meets in Strassbourg at the Commission of human rights. • In 1976 the CIBA Foundation hosts a meeting of CIOMS, WHO, WPA, WFMH the UN Division of Human Rights, European Commission of Human rigths to discuss the 8th draft of the Hawaii declaration NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  21. The Hawaii times • The Hawaii Declaration is adopted by the General Assembly, after a fierce battle. • The proposal to send an international commission to examine dissidents is rejected by the All Union Society of Psychiatry (USSR) • The Secretariat is in Vienna; the 18 WPA sections organize meetings. Regional symposia also take place NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  22. The 1980s • The 1983 Vienna Congress takes note of the withdrawal of the Russian Czech, Bulgarian and Cuban Association. • 7000 psychiatrists attend the congress • The new EC retains an «Eastern delegate», first Dr Juhacz then Dr Neuman of GDR • Attendance at Dr Juhacz’s funeral is considered undesirable by the Hungarian authorities NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  23. Athens 1989 • The USSR All Union Psychiatric Society rejoins the WPA and sends an unsigned but apologetic letter • New additions to WPA’s ethical principles are formulated and adopted • The USSR delegation accepts that a WPA mission visit USSR • The congress is a major success although it had to be held in a sports stadion becasue the congress halls were not built on time NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  24. The 1990s • Congresses in Rio de Janeiro, Madrid II.and Hamburg. • A thorough revision of the Bylaws and Statutes is adopted in Madrid II 1996. • The WPA initiates educational programmes and its membership is greatly increased • The Publication programme takes off in a major way. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  25. The 1990s • New WPA sections are formed, in all they are now more than 60. • Although it proves to be too difficult to organize the 1996 World Congress in Beijing an international congress is organized in China in 1997, the first such WPA meeting in Asia. • 1966 to 1999, 40.000 psychiatrists participate in WPA meetings. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  26. The 1990s • The first Institutional Programme (against stigma and discrimination) is launched in 1996 and by now has 20 countries participating in it • The number of society members increases • The Young Psychiatrists Programme is started NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  27. The 2000s • The XII World Congress takes place in Yokohama, 2002 • The Assembly decides to establish the Permanent Secretariat which is to be opened in Geneva, 2005 • WPA begins to use a detailed Manual of Procedures: the Association has come of age. NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

  28. The membership of WPA 120 60 o 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 NORMAN SARTORIUS, 2005

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