TRI m P : Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

1. TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperimentsOscar Versolato TRImP:Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

2. Outline • Where’s The Netherlands in Amsterdam? • Introduction to research group TRImP • TRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperiments • Bonus material 1: shelving • Bonus material 2: ion trapping

3. To US Kingdom of The NetherlandsWhere people are Dutch and from Holland

4. Er gaat niets boven Groningen

5. Groningen: a students dream come true

6. However...

7. Accelerator Laboratory: KVIwith superconducting cyclotron AGOR

8. TRImP:Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

9. MotivationLow-energy tests of the Standard Model Collider expt’s at high energy: direct observation of new particles Indirect searches at lower energies, but with high precision Large Hadron Collider TRIP  CERN KVI High-energy physics Atomic physics (theory and experiment) < 1% The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is incomplete  searches for physics “beyond the SM” at two, complementary, fronts:

10. TRImP Particle Physics Nuclear Physics TRImP Core Program Atomic Physics Theory External Users App lications • lifetimes, CKM • branching ratios • 12C → 3a • - 8B → 2a • - … • Ion/Atom • Collisions • - Zernike LEIF • ALCaTRAZ • Instrument • Developments • - … Precision Experiments Search for Physics beyond Standard Model T-violation P-violation Lorentz-violation TRImP:Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

11. 21Na in trap Ba MOT /s] 150 6 [10 100 50 Countrate X 100 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 Detuning of [MHz] l 1 In-House Core Program • T – violation: • b-decays • 21Na • ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients • lifetime, branching ratio • Future Possibilities • 39Ca , 19Ne • EDMs • Ba/Ra – atom • trapping • polarization • deuteron • P – violation: • Single Ion • sin2ϴW • clock • Lorentz - violation: • Weak Interactions

12. TRImPSeparator Target SHT2 IFP E1 NaI NaI NaI MCP MOT E3 E2 FFP TI NaI NaI NaI Step degrader neutralizer

13. TRImP Faculty PhD student Technical {2 + pool} Postdoc Scientific Personnel 2007-2008 Undergrad. Theory group Atomic Physics group Foreign stud. Fundamental Interactions group AGOR group + operators & technici

14. 21Na in trap Ba MOT /s] 150 6 [10 100 50 Countrate X 100 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 Detuning of [MHz] l 1 In-House Core Program • T – violation: • b-decays • 21Na • ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients • lifetime, branching ratio • Future Possibilities • 39Ca , 19Ne • EDMs • Ba/Ra – atom • trapping • polarization • deuteron • P – violation: • Single Ion • sin2ϴW • clock • Lorentz - violation: • Weak Interactions

15. TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperimentsAtomic parity violation &All-optical atomic clock 0

16. Atomic Parity ViolationThe weak interaction gives the nucleus a weak charge q • Weak interaction (violates parity) • Mediated by Z0 bosons, mass ≈ 91 GeV, so short-range • Violation of selection rules (E1PNC transitions) • Strength scales ~ Z3 • Nucleus has also a weak charge Qw Z0 e- e- q q • Coulomb interaction (conserves parity) • Mediated by photons, massless, so long-range • Gives the atomic spectrum and E1 etc. transitions • Strength scales ~ Z • Nucleus has an electric charge γ e- e- q Weak charges of nuclear quarks add coherently: Qw = –N+(1–4 sin2θW)Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics” where θW is the weak mixing (or Weinberg) angle.

17. Low energy: atomic parity violation (APV) • Cesium atoms: 6S–7S transition • Experiment: 0.35% by Wieman group, Boulder; theory: 0.5% • Barium ions: 6S–5D3/2 transition • Experiment: Fortson group, Seattle; theory: 0.5% • Francium atoms: 7S–8S transition • Experiment: Stony Brook and Legnaro • Radium ions: 7S–6D3/2 transition • Experiment & theory: KVI, University of Groningen The running of the Weinberg angleA poorly tested prediction of the Standard Model • High energy (near the Z0-pole) • LEP @ CERN • Medium energy • E158 @ SLAC • parity viol. electron scattering • NuTeV @ Fermilab • neutrino scattering • Qweak @ TJNAF • Qw(p) of the proton q q Z0/γ e- e- A. Czarnecki and W.J. Marciano, Nature (2005). This excellent agreement (0.35 ± 0.72 %) is only after a turbulent 2-year period as the atomic theory wrestled with the Breit correction and radiative corrections to add to standard electron-correlation effects.

18. The case for radiumWhy the radium ion is the ideal candidate E1APV • Advantages of Ra+ vs. Cs, Fr, Ba+ • Heavy (APV signal scales faster than ~ Z3) • “Easy” lasers: semiconductor diodes • Single ion techniques: • Superior control of systematics • Novel -frequency- measurement method: light shifts • Challenges • Experimental: • Radium has never been trapped • Spectroscopy of Ra+ needed • Theoretical: • Prediction of Qw(Ra+) needed • Atomic structure needed sub-1%

19. 7P Radium Ion 6D q q q q Z0 γ e- e- e- e- • Weak interaction • Electromagnetism Atomic Parity Violationin a Radium ion ≠ E1APV + E2 parity + a bit of 7P 7S

20. Interference between E2 (or M1) and E1PNCproduces differential light shift of the two ground state m-levels. D = D diff pnc m=+1/2 w w w + D 0 0 0 diff w w 0 0 m= - 1/2 E1+E2 Atomic parity violation in Ra+Interference of E2/E1APV in AC Stark shift Interference produces differential light shift of ground state m-levels: + + + Ra Ra Ra 7P 7P 7P 3/2 3/2 3/2 7P 7P 7P 1/2 1/2 1/2 6D 6D 6D 5/2 5/2 5/2 6D 6D 6D Repump Repump Repump 3/2 3/2 3/2 λ λ λ = 1.08 = 1.08 = 1.08 μ μ μ m m m Off Off Off - - - resonant resonant resonant D D = = D D Cooling & Cooling & Cooling & laser laser laser diff diff pnc pnc E2 E2 E2 detection detection detection λ λ λ = 828 nm = 828 nm = 828 nm λ λ λ =468 nm =468 nm =468 nm APV m=+1/2 m=+1/2 E1 E1 E1 w w w w + + D D 0 0 0 0 diff diff w w 0 0 ε 7S 7S 7S (+ (+ (+ n P n P n P ) ) ) 1/2 1/2 1/2 n n n 1/2 1/2 1/2 m= m= - - 1/2 1/2

21. From here to the Standard Modelthere and back again 1) measure the AC stark shift  get E1 amplitude from differential part of the light shift 2) calculate atomic theory to < 1% and extract the weak charge 3) add a bit of QFT and find the Weinberg angle OR NEW PHYSICS Qw = –N+(1–4 sin2θW)Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics”

22. High quality clock based on off-the-shelf available semiconductor lasers Optical Atomic ClockSpin-off project • Based on 7S1/2-6D3/2 E2transition: • Narrow (Δν ~ 1 Hz) • Optical regime (4 x 1014 Hz) • Absence of electric quadrupole shift in 223Ra (I=3/2) • Heaviest system: 2nd order Doppler ~ 1/mass • Ra+: search for variation of fine structure constant

23. PMT counts [a.u.]  First experimental goals First trapping & optical detection of radium ions in 2009! Status & outlookFrom here to sin2(Θw) • Experiment • Multiple ion traps have been constructed • Ba+ & Ra+ lasers set up in new, dedicated laser lab • Ra isotopes produced with AGOR cyclotron and TRIμP facility Done! • Theory • 3 % calculation finished, pushing for < 1 % accuracy now (inclusion of Breit, neutron skin and RCC improvements) Time [s] APV • Precise experimental input is an absolute necessity (e.g. D-state lifetimes, E1 transition strengths and hyperfine constants) • Study of different isotopes L.W.Wansbeek et al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 050501 (2008) Accuracy 3%, need better than 1% • Future directions • Inclusion of Breit interaction, neutron skin effects, QED corrections • Improvements of coupled-cluster theory • Progress needed on the experimental side • Trapping of radium ions • Spectroscopy: Experimental input is needed!

24. You? Interested? The TRIμP radium ion experiment at the KVICrew Experiment O. Böll (bachelor student) G. S. Giri (PhD student) O. O. Versolato (PhD student) L. Willmann K. Jungmann Theory L. W. Wansbeek (PhD student) B. K. Sahoo (postdoc) R. G. E. Timmermans Funding • NWO Toptalent (OV) • NWO VENI (BS) • FOM Projectruimte (KJ, RT) Internationalcollaborators B. P. Das (India) N. E. Fortson (USA) http://www.kvi.nl/~radiumion

25. Bonus material 1:Electron shelving method

26. Bonus material 2:Trapping ions in a Paul trap 0

27. Are there quantum jumps? "…we never experiment with just one atom or (small) molecule. In thought experiments we sometimes assume that we do; this invariably entails ridiculous consequences." Erwin Schrödinger (1952)

28. Precision experiments on a single trapped ionhow to trap an ion using E&M Maxwell ! 3D case Harmonic potential No charge enclosed Problem: Only 2D trapped BUT 1D repulsive!

29. The Paul trapand its mechanical analogue Needed: hyperbolically shaped surface Solution: Apply a rotating potential!