SIMS 213: User Interface Design & Development

1. SIMS 213: User Interface Design & Development Marti Hearst Thurs, March 18, 2004

2. Outline • How do people search for images? • Current approaches: • Spatial similarity • Keywords • Our approach: • Hierarchical Faceted Metadata • Very careful UI design and testing • Usability Study • Conclusions

3. How do people want to search and browse images? Ethnographic studies of people who use images intensely find: • Find specific objects is easy • Find images of the Empire State Building • Browsing is hard, and people want to use rich descriptors.

4. Ethnographic Studies • Garber & Grunes ’92 • Art directors, art buyers, stock photo researchers • Search for appropriate images is iterative • After specifying and weighting criteria, searchers view retrieved images, then • Add restrictions • Change criteria • Redefine Search • Concept starts out loosely defined, then becomes more refined.

5. Ethnographic Studies • Markkula & Sormunen ’00 • Journalists and newspaper editors • Choosing photos from a digital archive • Stressed a need for browsing • Searching for specific objects is trivial • Photos need to deal with themes, places, types of objects, views • Had access to a powerful interface, but it had 40 entry forms and was generally hard to use; no one used it.

6. Query Study • Armitage & Enser ’97 • Analyzed 1,749 queries submitted to 7 image and film archives • Classified queries into a 3x4 facet matrix • Rio Carnivals: Geo Location x Kind of Event • Conclude that users want to search images according to combinations of topical categories.

7. Ethnographic Study • Ame Elliot ’02 • Participants: Architects • Common activities: • Use images for inspiration • Browsing during early stages of design • Collage making, sketching, pinning up on walls • This is different than illustrating powerpoint • Maintain sketchbooks & shoeboxes of images • Young professionals have ~500, older ~5k • No formal organization scheme • None of 10 architects interviewed about their image collections used indexes • Do not like to use computers to find images

8. Current Approaches to Image Search • Using Visual “Content” • Extract color, texture, shape • QBIC (Flickner et al. ‘95) • Blobworld (Carson et al. ‘99) • Body Plans (Forsyth & Fleck ‘00) • Piction: images + text (Srihari et al. ’91 ’99) • Two uses: • Show a clustered similarity space • Show those images similar to a selected one • Usability studies: • Rodden et al.: a series of studies • Clusters don’t work; showing textual labels is promising.

9. Rodden et al., CHI 2001

10. Rodden et al., CHI 2001

11. Rodden et al., CHI 2001

12. Current Approaches to Image Search • Keyword based • WebSeek (Smith and Jain ’97) • Commercial image vendors (Corbis, Getty) • Commercial web image search systems • Museum web sites

13. A Disconnect Why are image search systems built so differently from what people want? • An image is worth a thousand words. • But the converse has merit too!

14. Some Challenges • Users don’t like new search interfaces. • How to show lots more information without overwhelming or confusing?

15. Our Approach • Integrate the search seamlessly into the information architecture. • Use proper HCI methodologies. • Use faceted metadata

16. Example of Faceted Metadata:Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Facets 1. Anatomy [A] 2. Organisms [B] 3. Diseases [C] 4. Chemicals and Drugs [D] 5. Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment [E] 6. Psychiatry and Psychology [F] 7. Biological Sciences [G] 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena [I] 10. Technology and Food and Beverages [J] 11. Humanities [K] 12. Information Science [L] 13. Persons [M] 14. Health Care [N] 15. Geographic Locations [Z]

17. Each Facet Has Hierarchy 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] 6. [F] …… 7. [G] 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. [I] 10. [J] 11. [K] 12. [L] 13. [M]

18. Descending the Hierarchy 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. [I] 10. [J] 11. [K] 12. [L] 13. [M]

19. Descending the Hierarchy 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] Electronics 9. [I] Astronomy 10. [J] Nature 11. [K] Time 12. [L] Weights and Measures 13. [M] ….

20. Our Approach • Integrate the search seamlessly into the information architecture. • Use proper HCI methodologies. • Use faceted metadata: • Generate pages from a database • More flexible than canned hyperlinks • Less complex than full search • Help users see where to go next and return to what happened previously

21. Questions we are trying to answer • How many facets are allowable? • Should facets be mixed and matched? • How much is too much? • Should hierarchies be progressively revealed, tabbed, some combination? • How should free-text search be integrated?

22. The Flamenco Interface • Hierarchical facets • Chess metaphor • Opening • Middle game • End game • Tightly Integrated Search • Expand as well as Refine • Intermediate pages for large categories

32. What is Tricky About This? • It is easy to do it poorly • Yahoo directory structure • It is hard to be not overwhelming • Most users prefer simplicity unless complexity really makes a difference • It is hard to “make it flow” • Can it feel like “browsing the shelves”?

33. Using HCI Methodology • Identify Target Population • Architects, city planners • Needs assessment. • Interviewed architects and conducted contextual inquiries. • Lo-fi prototyping. • Showed paper prototype to 3 professional architects. • Design / Study Round 1. • Simple interactive version. Users liked metadata idea. • Design / Study Round 2: • Developed4 different detailed versions; evaluated with 11 architects; results somewhat positive but many problems identified. Matrix emerged as a good idea. • Metadata revision. • Compressed and simplified the metadata hierarchies

34. Our Project History • Design / Study Round 3. • New version based on results of Round 2 • Highly positive user response • Identified new user population/collection • Students and scholars of art history • Fine arts images • Study Round 4 • Compare the metadata system to a strong, representative baseline

35. New Usability Study • Participants & Collection • 32 Art History Students • ~35,000 images from SF Fine Arts Museum • Study Design • Within-subjects • Each participant sees both interfaces • Balanced in terms of order and tasks • Participants assess each interface after use • Afterwards they compare them directly • Data recorded in behavior logs, server logs, paper-surveys; one or two experienced testers at each trial. • Used 9 point Likert scales. • Session took about 1.5 hours; pay was $15/hour

36. The Baseline System • Floogle • Take the best of the existing keyword-based image search systems

37. Comparison of Common Image Search Systems

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42. Evaluation Quandary • How to assess the success of browsing? • Timing is usually not a good indicator • People often spend longer when browsing is going well. • Not the case for directed search • Can look for comprehensiveness and correctness (precision and recall) … • … But subjective measures seem to be most important here.

43. Hypotheses • We attempted to design tasks to test the following hypotheses: • Participants will experience greater search satisfaction, feel greater confidence in the results, produce higher recall, and encounter fewer dead ends using FC over Baseline • FC will perceived to be more useful and flexible than Baseline • Participants will feel more familiar with the contents of the collection after using FC • Participants will use FC to create multi-faceted queries

44. Four Types of Tasks • Unstructured (3): Search for images of interest • Structured Task (11-14): Gather materials for an art history essay on a given topic, e.g. • Find all woodcuts created in the US • Choose the decade with the most • Select one of the artists in this periods and show all of their woodcuts • Choose a subject depicted in these works and find another artist who treated the same subject in a different way. • Structured Task (10): compare related images • Find images by artists from 2 different countries that depict conflict between groups. • Unstructured (5): search for images of interest

45. Other Points • Participants were NOT walked through the interfaces. • The wording of Task 2 reflected the metadata; not the case for Task 3 • Within tasks, queries were not different in difficulty (t’s<1.7, p >0.05 according to post-task questions) • Flamenco is and order of magnitude slower than Floogle on average. • In task 2 users were allowed 3 more minutes in FC than in Baseline. • Time spent in tasks 2 and 3 were significantly longer in FC (about 2 min more).

46. Results • Participants felt significantly more confident they had found all relevant images using FC (Task 2: t(62)=2.18, p<.05; Task 3: t(62)=2.03, p<.05) • Participants felt significantly more satisfied with the results (Task 2: t(62)=3.78, p<.001; Task 3: t(62)=2.03, p<.05) • Recall scores: • Task2a: In Baseline 57% of participants found all relevant results, in FC 81% found all. • Task 2b: In Baseline 21% found all relevant, in FC 77% found all.

47. Post-Interface Assessments All significant at p<.05 except simple and overwhelming

48. Perceived Uses of Interfaces Baseline FC

49. 15 16 2 30 1 29 4 28 8 23 6 24 28 3 1 31 2 29 Post-Test Comparison Baseline FC Which Interface Preferable For: Find images of roses Find all works from a given period Find pictures by 2 artists in same media Overall Assessment More useful for your tasks Easiest to use Most flexible More likely to result in dead ends Helped you learn more Overall preference

50. Facet Usage • Facets driven largely by task content • Multiple facets 45% of time in structured tasks • For unstructured tasks, • Artists (17%) • Date (15%) • Location (15%) • Others ranged from 5-12% • Multiple facets 19% of time • From end game, expansion from • Artists (39%) • Media (29%) • Shapes (19%)