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CLOA SLO 3:

CLOA SLO 3:. Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process. These are the ‘biological factors’ we will be addressing:. Neural networks ( lesioning demonstrates that memories are constructed through neural networks) 2 . Role of the hippocampus

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CLOA SLO 3:

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  1. CLOA SLO 3: Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process

  2. These are the ‘biological factors’ we will be addressing: • Neural networks (lesioning demonstrates that memories are constructed through neural networks) 2. Role of the hippocampus (as demonstrated by Clive Wearing and H.M.) 3. Role of the MTL and other brain structures in Alzheimer’s Disease

  3. 1. Lesioning demonstrates that memories are constructed through neural networks: • Memory is stored in different areas of the brain • LTM is not a unitary biological entity. • Neural networking is the biological factor that affects memory • Kandel’s research shows that learning means formation of a memory – that is, growing new connections or strengthening existing connections from neurons to form neural networks • How do we know what parts of brain are involved in memory? Lesioning…rats….not always pretty….

  4. Poor rats…. • Lesioning: researchers cut away brain tissue to find out which areas of the brain are involved in a specific task (like running through a maze – memory). They keep cutting away and then have rat run through maze again until it no longer can remember the maze. So how do we test this on humans? Since obviously it would be unethical to lesion the human brain. We study people who already have brain damage

  5. Brain damage and LTM • Such studies show that LTM must consist of several stores. • For example, damage to different parts of the brain affect factual knowledge (what is the capital of the U.S.), or knowledge about how to, say, drive a car • We need to first know how scientists map the structures of the LTM:

  6. Vocabulary to Define Explicit Memory Semantic memory Episodic memory Implicit memory Procedural memory Emotional memory

  7. 2. Role of the hippocampus (as demonstrated by Clive Wearing and H.M.) • Declarative memory (storing facts) – formation of this depends on hippocampus and related structures in medial temporal lobe • At this point, the process by which the hippocampus and other structures contribute to LTM formation is not completely understood

  8. When hippocampus or related structures are damaged, anterograde amnesia can result • Anterograde Amnesia: a loss of the ability to create new memories (an inability to pass info from STM store to the LTM store) - partial or complete inability to recall the past

  9. Support: Case of HM and Clive Wearing Clive Wearing Patient HM

  10. 3. Role of brain structures in Alzheimer’s Disease • (pg. 84 of green text). • What IS Alzheimer’s? • What are some stats on the prevalence of this disease? • What kind of memory is affected by AD? • Hodges et al. (1994) • What role does Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) play in AD? • In particular, the hippocampus? How is acetylcholine affected in this brain region? • Schwindt and Black (2009) - explain study

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