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Early Beam Injection Scheme for the Fermilab Booster: A Path for Intensity Upgrade

This paper discusses an innovative method to increase the beam power in the Fermilab Booster before the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) II era. It presents beam simulations, experimental demonstrations, and findings to support the early beam injection scheme, which allows for increased beam power at extraction and reduced RF power per cycle. The paper also outlines the tasks under development for implementing this scheme and its expected benefits.

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Early Beam Injection Scheme for the Fermilab Booster: A Path for Intensity Upgrade

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  1. Early Beam Injection Scheme for the Fermilab Booster: A Path for Intensity Upgrade Chandra Bhat Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory DPF2015, ANN ARBOR, MI August 4-8, 2015

  2. Acknowledgements W. Pellico, C. Drennan, K. Triplett, S. Chaurize, B. Hendrick, and T. Sullivan

  3. Fermilab, US Premier Particle Physics Laboratory NuMI: MINOS+ MINERvA NOvA MIPP Test Beam SeaQuest M-Center LINAC Muon: g-2 Mu2e Booster: 0.4-8 GeV Accelerator MiniBooNE MicroBooNE Aerial view of Fermilab Site Booster LBNF Accumulator/ (Muon-ring) Recycler: 8 GeV Permanent MagnetStorage Ring Recycler & Main Injector Tevatron Main Injector: 8 -120 GeV Accelerator

  4. Proton Delivery Scenario from the Booster(approximate) Expected protons from Booster 15 Hz # of Protons during the last quarter with rep rate of 6/sec Preparing for PIP II (Booster at 20Hz) Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) ~PIP End Protons on Target /quarter, (x1020) NuMI/NOvA LBNF 7.5 Hz g-2 BNB Summer shutdown (we are here) Mu2e SY120 From Bill Pellico

  5. Record 1.25x1017 protons/hour on July 24, 2015(previous record 1.1x1017 protons/hour) Efficiency (90%) Base Design Average rep. Rate

  6. Upgrade Path for Power on Target PIP-II PIP Present inj. point at L1 New inj. point at L11

  7. Are there innovative ways to increase the Booster beam before PIP-II era? • Introduction • Beam Simulations • Experimental Demonstrations • Beam studies and Findings • Summary and Future Plans

  8. Schematic of the Beam Injection in the Booster Current Scheme (CIS) Bmax Booster Magnet Ramp Begin Inj. LINAC Beam Booster Bmin Booster Synchrotron Capture & Acceleration using 37-52 MHz RF system in 360s  40s injection ~60s-200 s debunching 1/15Hz  0.0666 s Issues: A limited time for Beam Capture & Acceleration. RF manipulations are non-adiabatic ~50% emittance dilution, 10% beam loss and large RF power

  9. Schematic of the Early Injection Scheme for the Booster Impose Beam Capture in Stationary rf Buckets (=0) StartEnd Bmax Begin Inj. Booster Magnet Ramp Change in Es<0.24MeV Bmin Beam Acceleration using 37-52 MHz RF system  40s injection 150s capture for >260s (no debunching) 1/15Hz  0.0666 s Energy Acceptance > 4MeV Beam E  1.3MeV fsy = 8kHz-27kHz @ Vrf=0.035-0.4MV C. M. Bhat, IPAC2015

  10. Early Injection Scheme • What is spooky about this method • The beam is injected on the deceleration part of the magnetic ramp. • Beam capture takes place while magnetic field is changing. Historically, it was believed that the capture and acceleration efficiencies in the Booster will be optimal if beam is injected close to = 0. • What is Innovative about this Method? • Beam capture should be carried out by imposing = 0 even though  0. • Since the fs  8-27kHz for Vrf=0.034-0.34MV, iso-adiabatic capture of all beam needs only  260µs. • Preserving the longitudinal emittance at capture means less rf voltage through the acceleration cycle  Lesser RF power • Better beam for slip-stacking.

  11. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction(Evolution of Phase space Distribution) Early Injection Scheme Current Injection Scheme Inj. @ at -100s w.r.t. , Capture from -64 s to 135s, with a phase kick of ~ 6 deg after transition crossing. VIDEO VIDEO

  12. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction with 2E10-12E10p/bunch

  13. “Proof of Principle” Experiment • Beam studies were conducted in the Booster • Beam injection at 144 s earlier than BDOT=0.0. While in normal operation beam is injected  0.0 µs • New Radial-position, Paraphase and Simulated Vrf curves used • Transition crossing  Needed additional tuning 𝑃𝐶𝐼𝑆/𝑃𝐸𝐼𝑆[(∫𝑉𝑟𝑓𝐶𝐼𝑆𝑑𝑡)/(∫𝑉𝑟𝑓𝐸𝐼𝑆𝑑𝑡)]2=31%

  14. Implications • One can increase the Booster beam power at extraction, because more number of Booster turns can be accommodated • Higher brightness beam to the downstream machines • Booster can be run with nearly 30% less RF power per cycle  This is a great bonus.

  15. Tasks under Development • Beam capture soon after the completion of the beam injection, • A better frequency synchronization between the LLRF and real frequency. • Implement phase corrections/jump at transition crossing. • Fast bunch rotation Gives lower beam energy spread at extraction. Hence, is better for slip-stacking in RR.

  16. Summary Expected by adopting Early Injection Scheme

  17. Backup

  18. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction *Used in simulations with space charge effects

  19. Laslett SC tune shift

  20. Studies with Different Intensities

  21. Samples of Transverse Beam Sizes for the First 2 ms(Nothing Unusual) Data are for 14BT beam

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