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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

Key Concepts. Factors affecting population sizeHuman population problemsManaging population problemsUrban growthResource and environmental problems in urban areasTransportation in urban areasAchieving sustainable cities. Is the World Overpopulated?. 8-9 billion people by 2050Limited resourcesEnvironmental impacts Some say noEconomic growthReligion and population growthFreedom and population growthPovertyEcological footprint.

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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

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    1. Chapter 7 Sections 1-4 Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

    2. Key Concepts Factors affecting population size Human population problems Managing population problems Urban growth Resource and environmental problems in urban areas Transportation in urban areas Achieving sustainable cities

    3. Is the World Overpopulated? 8-9 billion people by 2050 Limited resources Environmental impacts Some say no Economic growth Religion and population growth Freedom and population growth Poverty Ecological footprint

    4. Is the World Overpopulated?

    5. Factors Affecting Human Population Size Population change equation Population change = (Births +Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) Crude birth rate Crude death rate Global population growth Doubling time Rule of 70

    6. Average Crude Birth and Death Rates

    7. Average Crude Birth and Death Rates

    8. Average Crude Birth and Death Rates

    9. How Did the Human Population Increase So Rapidly? Human intelligence and adaptation Agriculture Medical technologies and sanitation

    10. Describing Population Changes Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR) Projecting global populations US fertility rates

    11. World Population Projections

    12. US Fertility Rates (1917-2005)

    13. Major Changes in US Society (1900-2000)

    14. Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates Child labor Cost of raising and educating children Availability of pension systems Urbanization Education and employment of women Infant mortality rate Average age of marriage Abortion Availability of birth control Culture, religious values, and traditions

    15. Very Effective Birth Control Methods

    16. Mostly Effective Birth Control Methods

    17. Least Effective Birth Control Methods

    18. Factors Affecting Death Rates Life expectancy Infant mortality rate AIDS and other diseases

    19. Immigration into the US Source of immigrants into the US Arguments to reduce immigration Arguments for immigration

    20. Legal Immigration to the US (1820-2002)

    21. Population Age Structures

    22. Demographic Indicators of US, Brazil, and Nigeria

    23. Tracking the US Baby Boom Generation

    24. Effects of Population Decline 40 nations have stable or declining populations Rapid declines can create severe social and economic problems Labor and social security problems Social and economic impacts of AIDS

    25. Solutions: Influencing Population Size Demographic transition Family planning Improve health care Empowering women Developing national population policies Improve education, especially for women Increase involvement of men in parenting Reduce poverty Reduce unsustainable consumption

    26. Demographic Transition

    27. Animation

    28. Case Study: Hindrances to Family Planning Programs in India Poor planning of family planning programs Bureaucratic inefficiency Low status of women Extreme poverty Lack of administrative and financial support

    29. Case Study: Family Planning in China Economic incentives Free medical care for participants Preferential treatment for participants Very coercive and intrusive Human rights violations

    30. Demographic Data on India and China

    31. Chapter 7 Sections 5-8 Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

    32. Urbanization and Urban Growth Urban and rural populations Rural migration to urban areas Megacities and megalopolises Poverty and shantytowns Patterns of urbanization

    33. Major Urban Areas of the World

    34. Megalopolises of Bowash and Chipitts

    35. US Urbanization Initial migration to large central cities Later migration from large cities to suburbs Migration from north and east to south and west Recent migration back to rural areas Advantages and disadvantages of US urban areas

    36. Major Urban Areas of the US

    37. Urban Sprawl

    38. Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

    39. Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

    40. Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

    41. Advantages of Urbanization (especially in Developed Countries) Jobs Education Better access to health care Some environmental advantages Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas

    42. Disadvantages of Urbanization Resource use and waste Reduction in vegetation Water supply problems and flooding Don’t grow food Air, noise and water pollution Disease, poverty, crime and accidents Microclimates: Urban heat islands

    43. Urban Areas as Open Systems

    44. Urban Areas as Open Systems

    45. Extreme Poverty in Urban Areas

    46. Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Countries Squatter settlements (shantytowns) Poor housing and homelessness Poor sanitation and little clean water Lack of electricity and roads Pollution and other hazards Governments often destroy illegal settlements Unemployment Overcrowding Lack of educational and medical facilities Crime Disease Mexico City

    47. Transportation and Urban Development Compact and dispersed cities Personal automobiles Motor vehicles in the US Advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles Reduction of motor vehicle use Alternatives to motor vehicles

    48. Tradeoffs of Bicycles

    49. Tradeoffs of Mass Transit Rail

    50. Tradeoffs of Buses

    51. Tradeoffs of Rapid Rail

    52. Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable Land-use planning (Smart Growth) Walkability Environmental sustainability Smart transportation Ecocities Reduce pollution and waste Protect biodiversity Curitiba, Brazil

    53. Smart Growth

    54. Bus System of Curitiba, Brazil

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