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Energy Outlook Life Goes On After Fossil Depletion

Energy Outlook Life Goes On After Fossil Depletion. Shijie Liu Faculty of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering & Empire State Paper Research Institute SUNY ESF 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York. Outline. Energy Resources Biomass Based Energy & Chemicals Paper Industry

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Energy Outlook Life Goes On After Fossil Depletion

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  1. Energy OutlookLife Goes On After Fossil Depletion Shijie Liu Faculty of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering & Empire State Paper Research Institute SUNY ESF 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York ESPRI / PBE

  2. Outline • Energy Resources • Biomass Based Energy & Chemicals • Paper Industry • Near-term Application: Hot-water Extraction • Wood Extract Use • Alkaline Pulping & Fiber Quality • Black Liquor Gasification • Conclusion • Life Goes on After Fossil Depletion ESPRI / PBE

  3. Energy Resources • Sun • Hydro, plants • Hydro and Geothermal Energy • Location • Environmental / ecological • Plants • Biomass • Animals • Coal, Petroleum • Nuclear Energy ESPRI / PBE

  4. Energy Consumption: Quadrillion Btu / year U.S.A. World ESPRI / PBE

  5. US Pulp and Paper Industry • Main raw material: forest wood • Accounts for 6.9% Coal, Oil, Gas and Electricity of all manufacturing industries • 1.3% total US fossil energy consumption • 1.1% of all US energy • 0.27% of the world energy diet ESPRI / PBE

  6. Energy Resources ESPRI / PBE

  7. Energy Resources • Availability • Quality • Technology • Reliability • Proximity • Stability • Affordability • Economical • Environmental • Societal Equivalence in energy wood to petroleum: $100 / ton  $34 / Barrel ESPRI / PBE

  8. Environmental Impact Greenhouse gases (GHG) are increasing: in 2000, the atmosphere held about 774 Pg (774 billion metric tonnes) of carbon as CO2, 369 vppm (Marland & Boden, 2001). The total will double by the end of this century if not controled. To stabilize CO2 at about 550 vppm, it is necessary to reduce net GHG emissions. USA alone is expected to release 1.8 Pg of carbon in 2010 and 2.1 Pg of carbon in 2020, about 25% of the world total (EIA 2000). Most of current carbon emission is a direct result of the use of fossil fuels. SEEK NEW SUBSTITUTED FUEL derived from biomass Ethanol, butanol, acetone USA Government: displacing 10% of the petroleum with biomass derived fuel and products by 2020. (DOE Vision for Bioenergy and Biobased Products in the United States, October 2002). ESPRI / PBE

  9. Why Biomass? CO2, H2O energy (CH2O)n O2 O2 ESPRI / PBE

  10. Pulp and Paper Industry • Unique Position Raw materials Material handling capacity Experience • Question to answer: Can wood be harvested and chipped when fossil energy had been exhausted? ESPRI / PBE

  11. Paper Plant Biomass Volatile Lignin Cellulose Hemicelluloses Extractives Sugars Chemicals Energy Biodegradable Ethanol Bio-Diesel Butanol Plastics Paper Industry

  12. Wood Composition • Inorganic Components K & Ca (400 ~ 1000 ppm); Mg & P (100 ~ 400 ppm) ; and 70 others • Extractives Aliphatic and alicyclic: Terpenes; terpenoids; esters; fatty acids; alcohols; … Phenolic: phenols; stilbenes; lignans; isoflavones; … Others: sugars; cyclitols; tropolones; amino acids, … • Hemicelluloses • Celluloses ESPRI / PBE

  13. (phenols) ESPRI / PBE

  14. Hemicelluloses • Hardwood: • Glucomannan • Glucuronoxylan (Xylan) • Softwood: • Galactoglucomannan • Arabinoglucuronoxylan (Xylan) • Xylan: Polymer of 5-Carbon Sugar ESPRI / PBE

  15. Near-term Applications • Biorefinery • Extraction prior to Pulping • Fractionation of Wood Extracts • Fermentation • Black Liquor Gasification ESPRI / PBE

  16. Near-term Application Energy Bark Value-added chemicals Debarking Wood chipping Wood harvesting Wood chips Extraction Hemicellulose fermentation Butanol Pulping Degraded Lignin and carbohydrates Lactic acid Bioethanol Bleaching Energy Biodegradable polymer Papermaking ESPRI / PBE

  17. Hot-Water Extraction • Abundant • Safety, Environmental, Reuse • Catalyst Use • Product Value • Product Separation ESPRI / PBE

  18. Residual Wood: 81.8% 44.7% Glucan 8.8% Xylan 0.0% Galactan 0.0% Arabinan 1.2% Manan 20.9% Klason Lignin 6.2% Others Autocatalytic Extraction 150C, 4.5h Wood Extracts: 18.2% 0.7% Glucan 9.1% Xylan 0.8% Galactan 0.4% Arabinan 0.6% Manan 1.1% Klason Lignin 5.5% Others Hot-Water Extraction Aspen Wood Glucan: 44.5% Xylan: 17.7% Galactan: 1.3% Arabinan: 0.5% Mannan: 1.7% Klason Lignin: 21.1% Others: 13.2% Data from: U. Tschirner, et al. (2006) ESPRI / PBE

  19. Fractionation • Acetic Acid • Acetates • Hexoses, Pentoses • Oligomers • Methanol • Aromatics • Furfurals • Catalyst ESPRI / PBE

  20. Ethanol Production • Anaerobic Fermentation: Sugar is Sugar C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 3C5H10O5 5 C2H5OH + 5 CO2 Theoretical yield: 51.14% (lb-ethanol/lb-sugar) • “Poly-glucose”: (Cellulose, glucomannan, …) HO(C6H10O5)nH + (n–1)H2O  2nC2H5OH + 2nCO2 Contribution of water adds to 56.82% • “Poly-xylose”: (Xylan) 3HO(C5H8O4)nH + 3(n–1)H2O  5nC2H5OH + 5nCO2 Contribution of water adds to 58.12% ESPRI / PBE

  21. Effect of Hot-Water Extraction • Hemicelluloses removal • Uronic acid • Acetyl groups • Carboxyl groups • Metal ions • Lignin • Lignin-hemicellulose bonds • Active chemical agent access to lignin sites ESPRI / PBE

  22. Alkaline Pulping & Fiber Quality • Mild cooking / bleaching conditions • Sulfur-free if desired • Environmental • Black Liquor Gasification • TCF ? • Low Hemicelluloses content • High Freeness for the same other indices • High SEC to reduce freeness • Fiber-Fiber bonding • Bulk ESPRI / PBE

  23. Advantages • Bottom Line improvement • Environmental benign modification to existing processes enabling • Sulfur use on the way out • Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, on the way out • Value-added chemical and energy byproducts • Kraft Process? ESPRI / PBE

  24. Conclusions • Biorefinery: a strategic direction to Energy and Chemicals • ESF Biorefinery: water-based technology • Pulp and Paper Industry Adaptation: Extraction; Fractionation; Fermentation; Pulping; Bleaching; Papermaking; Black Liquor Gasification ESPRI / PBE

  25. Conclusions • Future depends on renewable energy and chemicals • Pulp and Paper Industry potential to play as a leader • Life will go on when fossil energy is depleted ESPRI / PBE

  26. Life After Fossil Depletion • Automobiles Butanol; Propanol; Ethanol; Hydrogen • Airplane Butanol; Propanol; Hydrogen • Tractors, Combines, … Butanol; Ethanol; Bio-diesel • Cooking, Heating and Lighting Green power; Bio-gas; Bio-diesel; Bio-oil ESPRI / PBE

  27. Acknowledgements ESPRI SPPF PBE Staff ESF • T.E. Amidon • G.M. Scott • R.C. Francis • B.V. Ramarao • Y.Z. Lai Colleagues, Students, and Research Fellows ESPRI / PBE

  28. Thank You! ESPRI / PBE

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