The Fourteenth Century: A Time Of Transition

1. The Fourteenth Century: A Time Of Transition

2. Outline Chapter 11 Chapter 11: The Fourteenth Century: A Time Of Transition OUTLINE Calamity, Decay, and Violence The Black Death The Great Schism The Hundred Years' War Literature in Italy, England, and France Petrarch Chaucer Christine de Pisan Art in Italy The Italo-Byzantine Background Giotto's Break with the Past Painting in Siena Art in Northern Europe Late Gothic Architecture Music: Ars Nova

3. Timeline Chapter 11 Timeline Chapter 11: The Fourteenth Century: A Time Of Transition c. 1280-1290 Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned; Crucifix, Arezzo 1296 Florence Cathedral (Duomo) begun 1300 Pope Boniface VIII proclaims first Jubilee Year ("Holy Year") c. 1300 New naturalism in Italian painting appears with work of Giotto 1305-1306 Giotto, Arena Chapel frescoes 1310 G. Pisano completes Pisa Cathedral pulpit 1332-1357 Gloucester Cathedral choir ("Perpendicular" style) 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War between France and England after 1337 Machaut, Messe de Notre Dame, polyphonic setting -Ordinary of the Mass c. 1345-1438 Doge's Palace, Venice 1348-1352 Boccaccio, Decameron, collection of tales after 1350 Petrarch compiles Canzoniere, collection of poems c. 1377 Wycliff active in English church reform; translates Bible into English 1378 Great Schism begins c. 1385-1400 Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, collection of tales c. after 1389 Christine de Pisan, The City of Women 1395-1406 Sluter, Well of Moses 1413-1416 Limbourg Brothers, illustrations for Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 1417 Council of Constance ends Great Schism - election of Pope Martin V

4. The Transition from Medieval Culture to the Renaissance The fourteenth century marks the painful transition from the medieval period to the world of the Renaissance. Its beginning saw the construction of several major buildings in Italy, including Florence's Duomo and Siena's Palazzo Pubblico, seat of city government. Music flourished throughout the century, especially in France, where Machaut was the leading composer of his day. In the years shortly after 1300 the new naturalistic style of Giotto revolutionized the art of painting, while the works of the Pisano family proved equally important for the history of sculpture. Yet the age was fraught with disasters and racked by war: the Hundred Years' War between France and England (1337‚1453) was barely under way when in 1348 Europe was devastated by bubonic plague – the Black Death. Among the works of literature to reflect the effects of the terrible plague is Boccaccio's Decameron.

5. The Papacy in Avignon As the century began, the church appeared to be at the height of its influence. In 1300 Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the first holy year, and pilgrims flocked to Rome. Yet within a few years the French had forced the transfer of the papacy to Avignon in southern France. Among those who accompanied the papal court was the poet Petrarch, many of whose sonnets deal with his love for Laura, killed by the Black Death. The "Babylonian Captivity" lasted from 1309 to 1376, and the pope's return to Rome was embittered by the Great Schism, which saw the Western powers locked in a struggle to impose rival claimants.

6. The International Style One of the artistic consequences of the papal move from Rome was that Italian styles were carried north of the Alps. The resulting blend of Italian and Northern elements is called the International style, which quickly spread throughout Europe; two of its main centers were at Prague and at Dijon. The more cosmopolitan spirit of the age is also illustrated by the career of the greatest English writer of the time, Chaucer, who traveled to Italy and to France and may actually have met Petrarch. International Style in Painting By the end of the 14th century, the fusion of Italian and Northern European art had led to the development of an International Gothic style. For the next quarter of a century, leading artists travelled from Italy to France, and vice versa, and all over Europe. As a consequence, ideas spread and merged, until eventually painters in this International Gothic style could be found in France, Italy, England, Germany, Austria and Bohemia.

7. Social Protests In an age of such ferment the pressure for reform intensified. In England, John Wyclif's charges of church corruption heightened dissatisfaction among the lower classes, leading to peasant riots in 1381. Similar popular protests against both the church and the aristocracy occurred in France in 1356, while in 1378 the poor woolen workers of Florence revolted against the city authorities. These manifestations of general discontent brought no immediate radical changes in government, but they prepared the way for the social mobility of the Renaissance.

8. The Hundred Years' War The greatest struggle of the century, the Hundred Years' War, was supposedly fought over the right of succession to the French throne. In fact, its underlying cause was the commercial rivalry between France and England and the attempts of both countries to gain control of the wool-manufacturing region of Flanders. The war's early stages were marked by a series of English victories, culminating in the battle of Poitiers of 1356. By 1380 the French had reversed the tide, and the last years of the century saw inconclusive skirmishes, with both sides resigned to a stalemate. Thus, a century in which political, economic, and religious strife and revolutionary artistic developments were accompanied by the disaster of plague produced deep changes in the fabric of European society and made possible the renewal of the Renaissance.

9. The Black Death • 1348 – death and devastation of European population from the Black Plaque • Boccaccio’s (1313 – 1375) Decameron • Vivid description of the horrors of the Plague • Thorough descriptions of life at the time

10. The Great Schism • Convulsive changes in Christian church during the 14th century. • 1300 – Great Jubilee year declared by Pope Boniface, Rome • 3 years later Boniface abused and imprisoned by Philip the Fair of France. • 1309 – Seat of Papacy is moved to Avignon, France. • 1378 – 1417: Great Schism divides Papal allegiances of population between rival Papacies. • Late 14th century peasant revolts throughout Europe.

11. The Hundred Years’ War • Century of warfare between France and England.

12. Literature in Italy, England, and France • Petrarch – (Father of Humanism) • Chaucer – (Father of English Literature) • Christine de Pisan - (Italian-born French poetess and philosopher) Christine de Pisan Petrarch Chaucer

13. Art in Italy Italo-Byzantine Background - Pisano - Cimabue - Duccio - Giotto - Martini - Lorenzetti

14. Giovanni Pisano Last Judgment (detail)1310MarbleCathedral, Pisa Massacre of the Innocents, detail from pulpit1301, Marble, Sant'Andrea, Pistoia Pulpit, 1301, Marble, Sant'Andrea, Pistoia

15. Cimabue CIMABUEMadonna Enthroned with the Child and Two Angels-Tempera on wood, Santa Maria dei Servi, Bologna CIMABUE, Crucifix1268-71Tempera on wood, San Domenico, Arezzo

16. Duccio DUCCIO di BuoninsegnaAgony in the Garden1308-11Tempera on wood, , Siena DUCCIO di BuoninsegnaAgony in the Garden (details)1308-11Tempera on wood, Siena

17. Giotto GIOTTO di BondoneBaroncelli Polyptychc. 1334Tempera on wood, Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence GIOTTO di BondoneBaroncelli Polyptych (detail)c. 1334, Tempera on woodBaroncelli Chapel GIOTTO di BondoneChrist Among the Doctors1310sFrescoNorth transept, Lower Church, San Francesco, Assisi GIOTTO di BondoneAscension of Christc. 1300FrescoUpper Church, San Francesco, Assisi

18. Simone Martini SIMONE MARTINIAltar of St Louis of Toulouse (detail)c. 1317Tempera on wood, 56 x 38 cmMuseo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples Blessed Agostino Novello Altarpiece1324Tempera on wood, 198 x 257 cmPinacoteca Nazionale, Siena

19. Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti LORENZETTI, AmbrogioEffects of Good Government on the City Life (detail)1338-40FrescoPalazzo Pubblico, Siena LORENZETTI, PietroBeata Umilta Transport Bricks to the Monasteryc. 1341Oil on wood, 45 x 32 cmGalleria degli Uffizi, Florence

20. Art in Northern Europe UNKNOWN MASTER, BohemianVirgin Enthronedc. 1350Panel, 186 x 95 cmStaatliche Museen, Berlin UNKNOWN MASTER, BohemianSt Bartholomew and St Thomas1395Tempera on wood, National Gallery, Prague

21. Limbourg Brothers LIMBOURG brothersLes très riches heures du Duc de Berryc. 1416, Illumination on vellumMusée Condé, Chantilly

22. Late Gothic Architecture - Florence Cathedral • Duomo, Milan • Palazzo Publico, Siena • Doge’s Palace, Venice • Gloucester Cathedral

23. Florence Cathedral1296 - 1462 Exterior view looking at facade, with a glimpse of dome above Overview of Dome

24. Duomo, MilanBegun 1386 The main entrance portal Pinnacles and flying buttresses

25. Palazzo Publico, Siena, Italy1228 - 1309 Palazzo Pubblico at night. Piazza Del Campo and Palazzo Pubblico at dusk. Siena, Toscany, Italy

26. Doge’s Palace, Venice1309 to 1424 Photo, exterior overview, showing the palace in context across water, with tower behind Photo, facade bay and details

27. Gloucester Cathedral

28. Music – Ars Nova The Ars Nova In France The rapid rise of polyphony in the 12th and 13th centuries depended upon corresponding advances in style and notation. It was an age of rapid invention. But once these innovations had been transformed into usable techniques, composers could concentrate on extracting the full potential of what had been learned. This process of consolidation and refinement was the task of the 14th century. Four major trends can be discerned; first, increasing secularization; second, the growing dominance of polyphony; third, the emergence of national idioms and forms; and fourth, an increasing preoccupation with musical technique.