One-week programme / HST 2006

1. ACCELERATORS AND DETECTORS 1. What do they consist in ? 2. How do they work ? 3. How to improve their capacities? One-week programme / HST 2006

2. ACCELERATORS • 1. What do they consist in ? • 1.1.The basic components • 2. How do they work ? • 2.1. The principle • 2.2. The different types • 3. How to improve their capacities ? • 3.1. The accelerator features • 3.2. The technical problems • 3.3. LHC and the last performances One-week programme / HST 2006

3. 1. What do they consist in? 1.1. The basic components • The sources • (electrons, protons, ions) • The magnets • (how to bend and focus the beam) • The resonant cavities • Booster, injection and storage ring • The 2 multiple intersecting beams One-week programme / HST 2006

4. 2. How do they work? 2.1.The principle : Designed to gain energy and bend the particles’ trajectory One-week programme / HST 2006

5. 2. How do they work? • 2.2. The different types • Linear and circular accelerators • Fixed target and colliding beams One-week programme / HST 2006

6. 3. How to improve their capacities ? • 3.1. The accelerators’ features • The luminosity • The stability of the beam One-week programme / HST 2006

7. 3. How to improve their capacities? • 3.2. The technical problem • The quality of vacuum • The brunch length and the phase stability • The loss of energy and the measures of compensation • The momentum, the curvature and the rotation frequency • Strong magnet, power consumption and superconducting technology One-week programme / HST 2006

8. 3. How to improve their capacities ? 3.3. LHC and the last performances One-week programme / HST 2006

9. DETECTORS • 1. What do they consist in ? • 1.1. Overview of a detector • 1.2. Structure of a detector • 2. How do they work ? • 2.1. The different types of measurement • 2.2. The different types of interaction • 2.3. The particles’ properties • 3. How to improve their capacities ? • 3.1. What is an ideal detector? One-week programme / HST 2006

10. Interaction point Magnetic spectrometer tracking detector Hadronic calorimeter Electromagnetic calorimeter Precisionvertex detector Muondetectors 1. What do they consist in? 1.1. Overview of a detector One-week programme / HST 2006

11. 1. What do they consist in ? 1.2. The structure of a detector • 1.2.1. The tracking detectors • a. Ionization detectors • wire chamber detector (ALEPH as ‘old detector’) • silicon detector (ATLAS as ‘new detector’) • b. Scintillation detectors ( Cherenkov radiation) • 1.2.2. The electromagnetic calorimeter (Crystal) • 1.2.3.The hadronic calorimeter (iron, uranium) • 1.2.4. The muon detector One-week programme / HST 2006

12. e- p p p g e- p 2. How do they work? 2.1. The different types of measurement Measurement occurs via the interaction of a particle with the detector which creates a measurable signal by Ionisation Excitation/Scintillation Change of the particle trajectory One-week programme / HST 2006

13. 2. How do they work? 2.2. The different types of interaction scattering annihilation Production of new particles

14. 2. How do they work? 2.3. The particles' properties • The particle properties : energy, momentum, charge, masse, life time, spin and decay modes • The direct measurable ones : energy and momentum • The derivative ones : mass, charge and life time One-week programme / HST 2006

15. 3. How to improve their capacities? 3.1. What is an ideal detector? One could • record the full interaction • capture and measure all properties of all emerging particles • and by this, reconstruct the complete event. One would • give us the power to compare the interaction directly to theoretical predictions without most uncertainties One-week programme / HST 2006