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Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders

Learn about diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, and muscles. Explore common signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options.

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Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Bones and joints • Bones provide framework and support • Classified by shape and composition • Joints • Where two or more bones meet • Muscle structure, movement, and heat

  3. Types of Bones

  4. Common Signs and Symptoms • Bone and joint diseases: • Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity • Muscle disorders: • Weakness

  5. Diagnostic Tests • X-rays • Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) • Blood studies • Including calcium and phosphorus • Electromyography • Muscle tissue biopsy

  6. Diseases of the Bone • Mild to severe • Common as adults age

  7. Diseases of the Bone • Spinal deformities: • Kyphosis • Curvature of thoracic spine • Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of spine

  8. Spinal Deformities

  9. Diseases of the Bone • Osteoporosis • Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to decrease in bone mass • Osteomyelitis • Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection

  10. Diseases of the Joints • Most occur as slow process • Arthritis • Inflammation • Osteoarthritis • Degenerative process

  11. Diseases of the Joints • Rheumatoid arthritis • Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body • Gout • Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods

  12. Diseases of the Joints • Hallux valgus • Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe • Also known as bunion • Temporomandibular joint syndrome • Severe headaches and pain in jaw

  13. Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue • Muscular dystrophy (MD) • Inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles • Ganglion cyst • Fluid-filled benign tumor on tendon sheath near wrist • Tetanus • Also known as lockjaw

  14. Ganglion Cyst Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

  15. Neoplasms • Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system uncommon • Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate

  16. Neoplasms • Osteosarcoma • Most common primary tumor of bone • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Very rare highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

  17. Trauma • Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system • Fractures • Break in bone • Types: • Pathologic, open, and closed • Stress, displace, comminuted, and compression • Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, and stellate

  18. Treatment of Fractures • Immobilization • Closed reduction • Open reduction • Traction

  19. Strains and Sprains • Strain • Overstretching injury of muscle • Treatment: • Rest • Moist heat • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories

  20. Strains and Sprains • Sprain • Traumatic injury to joint • Treatment (RICE): • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation

  21. Dislocations and Subluxations • Dislocation • Complete separation of bone from normal position • Causes pain and joint deformity • Subluxation • Partial separation of bone from normal position

  22. Dislocation and Subluxation

  23. Low Back Pain • Very common disorder • May be acute or chronic • Treatment: • Moist heat • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories • Muscle relaxants

  24. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus • Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc • Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve • Treatment same as low back pain

  25. Bursitis • Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints • Bursae help reduce friction during movement • Symptoms: • Severe pain • Limits motion

  26. Bursitis • Treatment: • Moist heat • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories

  27. Tendonitis • Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone • May occur in any tendon

  28. Tendonitis • Treatment: • Ice • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories • Exercises • Surgery

  29. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Repetitive motion injury affecting hands • Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions

  30. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Treatment: • Rest • Splint • Anti-inflammatories • Physical therapy • Surgery

  31. Plantar Fasciitis • Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur • Treatment: • Rest • Ice • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories

  32. Plantar Fasciitis

  33. Shoulder and Knee Disorders • Torn rotator cuff • Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area • Torn meniscus • Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur

  34. Shoulder and Knee Disorders • Cruciate ligament tears • Located inside knee joint • Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee

  35. Shin Splints • Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg • Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine

  36. Shin Splints • Treatment: • Rest • Analgesics • Anti-inflammatories • Heat • Ice

  37. Rare Diseases • de Quervain’s • Tendonitis affecting thumb • Tuberculosis of bone • Develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and pain

  38. Rare Diseases • Paget’s disease • Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation • Myasthenia gravis • Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue • SLE

  39. Effects of Aging • Decreased bone density • Decreased muscle strength and mass • Changed vertebral disks and compression of vertebrae • Results in changes in height and spine curvature

  40. Animation Click Here to Play Twisting Force Animation

  41. Animation Click Here to Play Direct Force Animation

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