1 / 37

Module 2 .2 Benefits from the Mekong

Module 2 .2 Benefits from the Mekong. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). People’s Republic of China Land area: 633 thou sq km Population: 97.3 M GDP per capita: US$1,135 (figures for Yunnan and Guangxi only). Myanmar Land area: 677 thou sq km Population: 54.8 M

saniya
Download Presentation

Module 2 .2 Benefits from the Mekong

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Module 2 .2 Benefits from the Mekong

  2. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) People’s Republic of China Land area: 633 thou sq km Population: 97.3 M GDP per capita: US$1,135 (figures for Yunnan and Guangxi only) Myanmar Land area: 677 thou sq km Population: 54.8 M GDP per capita: US$255 (2005) Viet Nam Land area: 332 thou sq km Population: 84.1 M GDP per capita: US$724 Thailand Land area: 513 thou sq km Population: 65.8 M GDP per capita: US$3,133 Lao PDR Land area: 237 thou sq km Population: 5.7 M GDP per capita: US$601 The GMS in 2006 Land area: 2.6 M sq km Population: 323 M GDP per capita: US$1,453* * excludes Myanmar Cambodia Land area: 181 thou sq km Population: 14.1 M GDP per capita: US$510

  3. The Mekong The 2nd richest river system in the world One of the world most diverseecosystems, And thus supporting one the world greatest biodiversity both in plants and animal species ……. And one of the most productive river

  4. Diverse ecosystems • Forest: tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, dry woodland, grassland, wetland, mangroves • wetlands of Great Lake and floodplains & unique flooded vegetation

  5. Diverse in species ( biodiversity) and resource rich • Very diverse • Over 1500 species of fish • 120 species snails • 830 mammals • 2800 birds • 1500 fishes • 650 reptiles • 250 amphibians • Many Rare species • Irrawaddy dolphin, • Mekong Giant catfish, • Seven line Barb, giant • Barb

  6. Why such diversity ? • Stream capture in highlands • Habitat diversity along the river • High diversity in nearby marine environment

  7. ...........and Very Productive - Resource Rich The Mekong has always played a central role in the lives of the people who live around it, as a source of food, water and transport.

  8. Benefits of the Mekong’s resource to its people Fish & other aquatic products Water for irrigation Water for energy sources ( hydro-dam) Water as a mean for transport Water for domestic consumption Water for industrial uses Water for recreation – pleasure – tourism Water for base of culture, tradition 7 existence value Water for keep functional environment –ecosystem

  9. Benefits from Fish & Aquatic resources For Food Security & Rural income

  10. Fish Yield Estimates - Mekong • Total  2,000,000 tonnes • Capture Fisheries  1,750,000 tonnesAquaculture  250,000 tonnes • LMB people consume 36/kg/person /year • or between 20- 60 kg/person/year (depending on the zones )

  11. What is the value of the Fishery ? value is about $1,500 mil/yr This is “farm gate” Price at 1 $/kg

  12. Benefits From fish and aquatic resources; (No. people employed) • 40 mil people in rural LMB earn their living by farming & fishing. Most do fishing----- by part time …or full time. • 2.7 mil people in Laos ( or 71% rural hh) rely on fishing at varying degree • 1.2 mil people in fishing communes around Tonle Sap do fishing as main occupation -- so depend on fishing almost entirely.

  13. Aquatic products ….More than fish • Rural people get many products from wetlands- (ponds, lakes, swamp, stream..) for food & household supplies, animal feeds, construction materials, medicine – Free ! • In many places- these products have higher value for rural food security than fish • They are rarely recorded,valued – nor inpolicy debate.. As these are “informal catch” by women & children --- • BUT they feed the family’s POTS!

  14. Fisheries • Migratory fishery • Vulnerable to • overfishing • changes in flow patterns • obstruction of migration routes (dams) • changes in land cover • Impact of storages (small and large) on fish migration and productivity • Role of wetlands / flooded forest in fish production • What drives productivity of Mekong fishery?

  15. Water for agriculture

  16. Agriculture • Rice production • > 32 mil tons/year • total area > 9 million ha • ~ 4 million ha dry season -irrigation. • Intensification • Irrigated vegetables, orchards, industrial crops • Total regulation rate of whole MKB is 2.5 % of annual flow volume • Total agricultural consumption 30-50% • of total flows in dry season (mainly VN delta)

  17. Estimated dry season average irrigated areas(ha) Irrigation growth

  18. Number of people involved • Agriculture very important to economic lives of LMB people • Estimated 75% of region’s population dependent on crops, fisheries, livestock's, or forestry ( 40 mil people) • Differs a bit between 4 countries. Contribution of Agriculture + forestry to GDP ( 1999) • Cambodia 40 %, Laos 52%, Thailand 18%, VN 24% • Absolute value of Agri outputs has increased in the past decade-- Though its share in GDP is shrinking.

  19. Xiowan 4200 mw Nuozhadu 5000 mw Uses for energy generation ~ Hydropower Total installed capacity: LMB: 1800 MW UMB: 2850 MW Nam Ngum Dam - Lao PDR

  20. Hydro dams in MRB -completed ADB 2001

  21. Major Dams Lao PDR: • Nam Ngum 1971 • Nam Theun-Hinboun 1998 • Nam Leuk 1999 • Xeset 1991 • Huay Ho 1999

  22. how much can people benefits to our sources of energy? • Thailand- Electricity available in most part, and about 90% in LMB part • Vietnam- 75% of hh across the country, but for rural area below 50% • Laos & Cambodia:most households have no access to electricity yet. Below 15 % in rural area • use generators for lighting, batteries to operate radios in Cambodia • Most in remote provinces in Laos use kerosene & yang zap torch for lighting • 85-90% use firewood & wood charcoal forcooking

  23. Total Electricity consumption LMB Average per person consumption now & projected for future

  24. Domestic water supplies Amount use • Represent below 5% of total withdrawal • Per capita use estimate varies from 2 m3 /person in Cambodia—to 47/person/yr in Vietnam. • Assumed 20-100m3/capita/yr –total demand = 5,500 m3 /yr or = 1.5 % of LMB annual flow. • Use is higher in urban area –consumption increase with piped water available.

  25. Industrial and urban development • Rapid growth of urban centers • Agro-processing industries • Aquaculture • Pollution threat? • Dry season shortages

  26. Water for Industries Industrial figures in LMB Withdrawal for industries uses Below 10% Water withdrawal for industry /municipal

  27. Tourism • Major source for earning FDI • Contribute to GDP-Thailand 13% , Laos & Cambodia9% , 7 % Vietnam • Number tourists:30% are westerners, 70% tourists from of regions • thailand-8.3 mil (1999), • Cambodia 0.5 mil tourists (2000) & makes 30,000 fulltime jobs • Laos 0.13 mil tourists, • Vietnam 1.7 mil tourists ( 1997) makes 130,000 jobs.

  28. Tourism • More & more tourists focus on water base activities- water festival, longboat race, water falls, caves, traveling by boats – rafting, canoes, water cruise, bird watching.. • Eco-tourism, nature-cultural tourism gaining importance in LMB due to rare beautiful wilderness & diverse people & cultures • Ecotourism has potentials to create jobs in remote region where poor people live.- few jobs –income can make difference • Eco & other tourism depend on beauty & integrity of natural, social, cultural resources • Water use- demand • Safe drinking water –other domestic uses & recreation uses • Lots water per tourist -- 300 litre/day/tourist • Large amount of water to maintain sites( public gardens, public space, water fall

  29. Environmental uses • Water is being used “ in-stream” by letting it runs in the river-> it give us free “ environmental services” to keep environment clean, river healthy. Then it continues to give us products and economic goods in the future • Pollution control & dilution –via swamp, streams- various wetlands by reducing pollutant contents-change/process it. • Salinity control—eg Delta –so can grow rice • Water connectedness ( volume & flow regime) provide highway for fish movement ( migration)–between key habitats, maintain abundance of fish • Maintain diverse ‘ ecosystems” and sub systems with required water so they can support many life forms plants & animals. Many species are Mekong ‘endemic” • Contribute “ genetic bank” of the region and the world - by maintaining key habitats

  30. Inland Water Transportation

  31. Water transport (WT) & communication • Key small communities on MK & tributaries WT • only way to town-markets in wet season • 1/3 of Cambodia riverside pop & Laotian • along tributaries far from ‘all season road” (11 kms up) • — depend on WT in wet season • IWT Cambodia greatest along mainstream 970 villages • (1.4 mil people) on MK & tributaries dependent on IWT • Laos- totally dependent on IWT 915 villages & pop at • 0.32 mil- on tributaries running hrough remote mountainous • terrain • Delta-VN: Intra district transport -12 provinces. 73% of • Region’s cargo + 23% passengers use IWT. 90% of rice & • 60% fruits by IWT • Trade value IWT in LMB : 4.7 billions

  32. Heritage, culture- tradition uses ~Existence value

  33. Mekong River / Basin is one of the most culturally, ethnically, and ecologicallydiverse place earth. Mekong runs through a large span of region and is an important life sources sustaining all aspects of diversities

  34. Heritage, culture- tradition uses - existence value • Mekong system & water resources ( flow, quantity and quality) form a basis of Mekong culture & traditions associated with water, way of life, self identify, norms, crafts and rituals –many of which are “social capitals”that hold community together. UNIQUE & Bank of Local knowledge & wisdom • Rice-fish –culture + water networks +> Angkor civilization • “ Worship & Hunting Ritual of Mekong Giant catfish” annual events • Boat Racing & Rocket festivals • “Pla Dek Culture” in Songkram river & Mun River & asocated • Traditional water & land conservation in upland watershed Highland Laos –breeding crafts & rituals which form cultural identifies • Genetic & species knowledge of Mekong own plants &animal kingdom • ALL THESE REQUIRED ‘INSTREAM USE”–NOT ALL CAN BE VALUE IN $$ TERM- when gone not replaceable

More Related