Aviation Management

1. Day 20 Aviation Management

2. Air Traffic Control • To control tens of thousands of aircraft, who share the world’s airspace at any particular moment in time, do so, with such a high record of safety. • It is an essential element of the communications structure which supports air transportation.

3. ICAO Regions

4. Flight Information Region

6. Kuala Lumpur FIR

7. inside KL FIR

8. Fundamental elements • Separation standards • Airspace Requirements • Radio navigation aids • Radio telephony • Radar • Flight data • Aerodrome Control • Approach Control • Area Control

9. Separation Standards It has two broad divisions: • Vertical separation – that the separation vertically of aircraft by thousands of feet • Horizontal separation – of which there are three types: • Lateral separation • Longitudinal separation • Radar separation

10. Categories where separation standards apply • IFR flights in controlled airspace • IFR flights in special rules airspace • Flights in special rules airspace in the upper airspace • IFR flights participating in the air traffic advisory service • IFR flights and special VFR flights • Flights operating on special VFR clearances • IFR flights outside controlled airspace receiving an approach control service.

11. Vertical Separation As set by ICAO, 1000 feet up to flight level 290 (29,000 ft) 2000 feet above flight level 290 (due to altimeter inaccuracies) RVSM – Reduced Separation Vertical Minima

12. Horizontal Separation • Lateral separation An example is track separation. Plane A 15 nm 30 degrees Plane B VOR/DME/TACAN

13. Longitudinal Separation • Time separation • Distance Separation 15 mins

14. Radar separation • 5 nautical miles minima except 3 nautical miles minima may be used in respect of aircraft being controlled by approach control, provided aircraft being so separated are within 40 nautical miles of the antenna and not above a certain height (usually flight level 200 – 20,000 ft).

15. Rules of the air To channel the flow of air traffic and to obtain the necessary degree of orderliness to apply separation standards between aircraft it is essential to establish a system if airspaces sufficient to protect and aircraft’s flight path from take-off to touch-down and then to apply rules regarding the use of these airspaces which are designed to provide for the safety of all those who fly within them. (Annex 2 of Convention ICAO)

16. Control Zones • Established in busy aerodromes, usually within a terminal area complex and they extend from ground level to 2500 ft or a level appropriate to the base of the surrounding terminal. • Their purpose is to protect the flight paths of aircraft arriving from the protection of the terminal area or departing into it.

17. Terminal Areas • Established around one or more aerodromes. • Extend usually from 2500 ft to FL245 • To protect the flight paths of aircraft leaving the airways system to land at an aerodrome in the terminal or vice versa.

18. Airways • Establish to connect from one point to another. • Usually 10 nm wide. • 3000 ft to FL55 or up to FL245

19. Upper Airspace • Airspace above FL245 up to FL660

20. Flight Information Regions • Airspace outside the control zones, terminal areas, airways and special rule areas, but within which these areas are contained. • It is not protected airspace and aircrafts are free to fly without being subjected to control procedures provided they comply with a set of simple rules for flight in instrument conditions.

21. Special Rules Airspace • Military training area • Danger areas – Nuclear powerplant • Sensitive Area – Whitehouse, Istana Negara

22. Surveillance

23. RADAR System secondary radar primary radar

24. ADS-B

25. ADS-C