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ISPLC 2005

Broadband Developments. ISPLC 2005. International symposium Power Line Communications. Internet. PLC Generic Model. Backhaul network. High Voltage. Xmission Equipment. pt to multi-pt. CPE. Phone(s). pt to pt. Fibre Network. PC. Medium Voltage Grid (“Last Mile”).

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ISPLC 2005

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  1. Broadband Developments ISPLC 2005 International symposium Power Line Communications PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  2. Internet PLC Generic Model Backhaul network High Voltage Xmission Equipment pt to multi-pt CPE Phone(s) pt to pt Fibre Network PC Medium Voltage Grid (“Last Mile”) Low Voltage (“Last 100m”) In-Premise (“Last Inch”) * CPE - Customer Premise Equipment PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  3. Current Trends: Computing is ubiquitous and the world is networked PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  4. Global Internet Users 250M 134M 30M 1994 1998 2001 Everywhere, There’s Exploding Demand for Communications Bandwidth Worldwide Access Lines Changing Traffic Patterns 2B Internet Session 20 - 30 minutes 1B Voice Call 3 minutes Average Hold Times • It took about a century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines • More than 100 million additional Internet users will come on-line in 2001 Jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  5. Doubling Time (months) Optical Fiber (bits per second) 18 12 9 Data Storage (bits per square inch) Performance per Dollar Spent Silicon computer Chips (number of transistors) Technology Accelerators PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  6. 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 Total % Increase 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2005 Network Traffic (US) Costs Dropping Bandwidth Increasing Applications Growing An Upward Bandwidth Spiral jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  7. Broadband Access Market Internet Penetration (source: NetValue) Broadband Percentages of Total Penetration PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  8. Commercial Status SENER ELFORSK, VATENFALL NUON PATTERN • US Activities MVV , PPC EDF ENEL UNION FENOSA PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  9. Worldwide PLC Activities Norwegen: Stadtwerke Bergen Schweden: Sydkraft, BirkaEnergi Finnland – EVU-Verband Island: LinaNet Reykjavik Energy China Provinz Sechuan UK/SSE Indianapolis, Boston D – RWE, EnBW, MVV, onelineA - TIWAG, EVN, Stw. Salzburg, EVO CH - DIAX Spanien Endessa Portugal EdP Italien Enel Korea Keyin Kuwait ITS Qatar Israel Mainnet, ITRAN, elLine Malaysia FibreCom Multimedia-Ministerium Brasilien: Copel Cemig InfoPaolo Südafrika (Siemens) Argentinien (ascom) Chile (Endesa) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  10. Pictures ‘PLC around the World’ PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  11. Opportunities for Power Utilities as Communications Bandwidth Suppliers • Three broad domains of opportunity • As backbone bandwidth wholesalers • As distribution network “last mile”suppliers • As in-building network suppliers • More than 100Electric Utilities authorized as Telecom Carriers PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  12. Broadband Access Options 100 Wireless (Time-SpaceProcessing) VDSL Cable Modem 10 Wireless(steerable beam) ADSL DSL-Lite Bandwidth V.90 1 Fixed Wireless(stationary beam) ISDN 0.1 56K 33.6 28.8 VF Modem 14.4 0.01 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 DeploymentYear Jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  13. Broadband Local Distribution Technologies: Today’s Contender’s PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  14. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  15. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  16. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  17. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  18. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  19. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  20. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  21. Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  22. Leaky cables @1Mhz to 30Mhz • At these frequencies not all the signal is transmitted down the cable-it leaks power • So some of the high frequency signal emanates as electromagnetic radiation • Hence power cables can be considered as linear antennas and • Low efficiency PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  23. PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  24. Coupling via the Mains Network LN 50Ω 50µH Source Victim Attenuation, dB/30m 30 20 10 Distribution network Mains only PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005 0.1 1 10 MHz Frequency

  25. Radiated emission Mains cable Equip1 Mains cable plc1 Conducted emission through mains Conductio through earth impedance Radiated emission cable to cable Mains cable input Mains cable Radiated emission case to case plc2 External mains interference Electromagnetic radiated emission and coupling Interference PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  26. Physical structure of LV network Armoured Cable • Underground & overhead distribution • Armoured cable • Conditioning units (CU) may be used Conditioning Unit (CU) Network MV network LV network Source: York EMC Services Ltd CU Internal mains network LV network SUBSTATION Data network CU Data port PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  27. Frequency Bands General Frequency Bands • 1.6MHz to 30MHz • Division :Access band 1.6MHz-10MHz • In-house band 10MHz to 30MHz • USA variation and extension for Overhead systems • Access: 10MHz -80MHz • In-house: 1.6MHz to 10MHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  28. Spectrum & Technologies 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz MEDIUM FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY HIGH FREQUENCY GROUND WAVE SKY WAVE SPACE WAVE ADSL 25 kHz - 1.1 MHz VDSL 1.1 - 30 MHz DPL 1.1 - 30 MHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  29. Scope IONOSPHERE SKY WAVE 3 - 30MHz Q SPACE WAVE 0.1 - 30MHz GROUND WAVE 0.1 - 3MHz LONDON ROME G NEAR FIELD SUBURBAN RURAL Average UK ground 0 km 5 km 200 km 1500 km PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  30. Broadcasting Channels • Amateur Radio • Mobile Communications • Distress frequencies • Military communications • Radio astronomy Established Communication Services in the 1MHz to 30MHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  31. Regulatory Landscape for PLT ITU IEC CISPR Inter Governmental organisations European Commission European Parliament CIGRE IEEE CENELEC ETSI National Standards Organisations Government Regulators Industry Associations PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  32. IEEE Standards Board -PLT Committee Structure • Power Engineering Society • Communications Society • Electromagnetic Compatibility Society • Antennas and Propagation Society • All are welcome PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  33. Sources of Interference • Noise caused by impedance mismatch • Impulse noise ingress from electrical appliances • Narrow band ingress from SW broadcast • Attenuation of the network • impedance variations • general interference • poor power quality PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  34. The problem • we measure E or H fields at some distance from a source, but need to know the field strength value at some other distance • it is often assumed that fields vary with distance as 1/r , 1/r2,1/r3,1/r n • when is this right? • magnetic field H from infinite straight wire carrying steady (DC) current does indeed vary as 1/r • but our wires are finite in length, and aren’t carrying DC PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  35. What about real-size, finite dipole? • for simplicity, most text books derive only far field for practical antennas, by integrating just the 1/r terms • Jordan & Balmain (“Electromagnetic Waves & Radiating Systems”) do the full solution (including near-field terms) for arbitrary length dipole- assumes usual sinusoidal current distribution • special case if dipole is half wavelength (or odd multiple) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  36. Regulation for Radio Service Protection • Main goal: Protection of radio services by •  Define radiation limits. •  Same limits for all telecom-products (e.g. xDLS, ISDN, PLC,…) •  Measurement method for in situ measurements • Hence, requirements for new telecommunication equipment are more stringent than for other equipment (e.g. LAN..) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  37. Mitigation Methods • In case of interference complaint, several actions can be done by the operator: • Introduce second injection point • Apply Notches • Before that – the regulator will evaluate that: • The complaint by the user is justified • The user has done all possible to eliminate the complaint PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  38. Spectral Characteristics of modern Telecommunications Signals • Modern telecommunications technologies are digital technologies. • OFDM technologies are the majority, but some other multi-carrier technologies and some spread-spectrum single-carrier technologies also exist. • These technologies can be designed in such a way, that • the carrier spacing of an OFDM system is much higher than 10 kHz, and each carrier is modulated by randomized modulation (e. g. QAM) • the channel bandwidth of multi-carrier technologies is very much higher than 10 kHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  39. Developments towards the PLT Standard • Coexistence between Broadband PLT and Wireless communications services • Broadband may be assessed as a communication service causing intentional or unintentional radiation • Intentional radiators use EM waves as a carrier of information typical of wireless telecommunications services-Licensing required • An unintentional radiator is primarily a wire-bound service that generates radiated emission as a secondary unwanted by-product –Broadband PLT should be treated as a unintentional radiator wire-line service with radiated emission treated as a parasitic undesirable PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  40. Broadband PLT And EMC Limits • If Broadband PLT is unintentional radiator it is subject to EMC Limits • Two basic EMC Standards- • IEC CISPR developed by International committee’s and generally adopted as national law • If the laws are not adopted, national regulatory bodies provide their own legislation PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  41. CISPR 22 • Conducted limits for products: • Wire-line systems which are: • DSL systems • Cable modem systems and • Broadband PLT systems • The same standard applies to all three systems PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  42. IEC CISPR 22 and Broadband PLT • Broadband PLT requirements close to CISPR22 • CISPR22 specifies limits for information technology equipment (ITE) and distinguishes between : • Mains Ports-power supply portsand • Communication ports • However PLT operates with a single port for mains and data communications- Multipurpose Port PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  43. Interference Potential of a Port According to CISPR22 • CISPR22 covers DSL and Cable modem services • CISPR22 charter was modified to include PLT Broadband services and the multi-purpose port • This is a product standard PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  44. CISPR22 Interference potential assessment • The interference potential is assessed by connecting the port of the equipment under investigation to an “Artificial Network” which represents the real World as closely as possible • For the telecommunications port a T-shaped impedance stabilization network known as a T-ISN represents the artificial Network • For the mains port a V-shaped ISN is used to represent the Artificial network (V-ISN) • Measurements based on the T-ISN delivers the asymmetrical voltage , Uasym which represents the disturbance potential of the communicating signal PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  45. Limits for Mains and Tele-com Ports PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  46. Development of M313 • CISPR22 is a product (device) standard • M313 mandate covers the complete network which means the actual power lines • Also this new law will cover only complaints of interference • This however does mean that modems causing interference may be made to be switched off if it is causing interference to established radio services • The eventual outcome will be a harmonised European standard • Current proposals from EU countries are wide ranging - PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  47. Radiated Emission standard proposals in Europe Radiated Emission Standard PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005 Fv,sbsbbbmb #bmb

  48. Summary • Limits for radiation are still under discussion - EC granted a mandate313 to ETSI/CENELEC/CEN to develop European harmonized standard • Main considerations: • Balance with existing radiation caused by other systems e.g. LANs etc. • Balance should be made between the protection of the Spectrum and the introduction of new technologies and their national economic benefits PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  49. Near and Far Field Radiated Impedance Measurements Z=(μ/є)½ 10K Electric Field predominates:low current,high voltage radiator Wave impedance Ω Far Field 1K Near Field Plane Wave Z=377Ώ 377 Wave Impedance=E/H High current,low voltage,low impedance Magnetic Field predominates 100 d >λ/2Π d<λ/2Π Distance metres 1 D=λ/2Π PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

  50. PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005

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