Nationalism is the belief that an ethnic group should have its

1. Nationalism is the belief that an ethnic group should have its own national state and government. E. Napp

2. Since the Middle Ages, Italy had been a collection of kingdoms and city-states. E. Napp

3. From the early 1800s, much of Italy was ruled by Austria. E. Napp

4. The Pope controlled central Italy. E. Napp

5. Giuseppe Mazzini founded an organization called “Young Italy”. It was a secret society for Italian unification. Mazzini was the “soul” of Italian unification. His writings inspired nationalists. E. Napp

6. Mazzini’s writings stirred up revolts but the revolts were quickly put down. Mazzini had to flee Italy. E. Napp

7. Giuseppe Garibaldi worked with Mazzini and was also exiled. Garibaldi was the “sword” of unification. E. Napp

8. He organized an army for unification. His soldiers were known as the “Red Shirts”. E. Napp

9. In 1852, Count Cavour was made Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia by King Victor Emmanuel. E. Napp

10. Cavour provoked a war with Austria while Garibaldi’s armies moved north across the peninsula. Cavour was the “mastermind” of unification. E. Napp

11. Cavour then annexed most of the other states of northern and central Italy. E. Napp

12. Meanwhile, Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the king of Naples in the south. He then joined Naples to Cavour’s enlarged Piedmont. E. Napp

13. By 1871, unification had been achieved. The Pope’s territory had been reduced to the Vatican. E. Napp

14. But unification had failed to end the cultural and economic divisions that separated Italy’s north and south. E. Napp