Biochemistry and Energy Transformation Units

1. Biochemistry and Energy Transformation Units NiAbi, Connor, Michael, and Jean

2. Chapter 4

3. Vocabulary • Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) • Hydrocarbons- Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen • Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and different properties • Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms • Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements • Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other • Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that when reacts with water creates adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a release of energy • Keytone- a carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton • Aldehyde- a carbonyl group on the end of a carbon skeleton

4. Main idea The main thought was that organic compounds could only arise in living organisms but then chemists synthesized these compound in the lab disproving vitalism.

5. Main idea 2 Carbon can bond with various atoms forming carbon skeletons of organic compounds. These carbon skeletons vary in length and shape creating the molecular diversity we see in life today.

6. Main idea 3 chemical groups attached to these carbon skeletons participate in chemical reactions or contribute to function by affecting molecular shape, these groups are called functional groups.

11. Q1 Name this Hydrocarbon • Methane • Ethene • Ethane • Ethylene • Both b and d

12. Q2 What kind of ethane model is this? • Molecular formula • Structural formula • Ball-and-stick model • Space-filling model • None of the above

13. Q3 What is organic chemistry • The study of vital forces • The study of hydrocarbons • The study of compounds made only by living cells • The study of vital forces • The study of carbon compounds

14. Q4 Which chemical group would most likely be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? • Amino • Carboxyl • Carbonyl • Hydroxyl • Phosphate

15. Q5 Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

16. Q6 What structure is this? • Adenosine diphosphate • Glycerol phosphate • Acetic acid • Adenosine triphosphate • Thiols

17. Q7 When ATP reacts with water what is created? • An organic phosphate • Adenosine diphosphate • Energy • An inorganic phosphate • b, c, and d

18. Q8 What is it called when a carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton? • Keytone • Inlayed carbonyl • Aldehyde • Ketoses • Aldoses

19. Q9 What is an example of an amino? • Cysteine • Glycerol phosphate • Glycine • Propanal • 5-Methyl cytidine

20. Q10 What gives vinegar its sour taste? • Amino acids • Acetic acid • All carboxylic acids • Thiols • Amines

21. Q11 Describe what happens and what is left when adenosine triphosphate turns into adenosine diphosphate.

22. Chapter 5

23. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material • Examples • Monosachharides • glucose • fructose • Disaccharides • lactose, sucrose • Polysaccharides • Cellulose • Starch • Glycogen • Chitin

24. functions • Functions • Fuel • Polysaccharide functions • Cellulose, strengthens plant cell walls • Starch, stores glucose for energy • Glycogen, stores glucose for energy • Chitin, strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

25. Lipids • Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules • Examples • Triacylglycerols • glycerol + 3 fatty acids • Phospholipids • phosphate group + 2 fatty acids • Steroids • four fused rings with attached chemical groups

26. functions • Functions • Triacylglycerols • Important energy source • Phospholipids • Lipid bilayers of membranes • Steroids • Component of cell membranes (cholesterol) • Signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)

27. Proteins • Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions • Examples • Enzymes • Catalyze chemical reactions • Structural proteins • Provide structural support • Storage proteins • Store amino acids • Transport proteins • Transport substances • Hormones • Coordinate organismal responses • Receptor proteins • Receive signals from outside the cell • Motor proteins • Function in cell movement • Defensive proteins • Protect against disease

28. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information • Examples • DNA • Sugar – Deoxyribose • Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, T • Usually double-helix • RNA • Sugar – Ribose • Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, U • Usually single stranded

29. functions • Functions • DNA • Store all hereditary information • RNA • Carries protein-coding instructions from DNA to protein-synthesizing machinery

30. Vocabulary • Macromolecules – any large molecule, such as a protein or polymer, consisting of several smaller structural units linked together. • Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together. • Monomer - is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer. • Enzymes – biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions. • Carbohydrate – organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Encompass most sugars and sugar polymers • Polypeptides – Linear organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids • Protein – Any organic molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides • Denaturation – When a protein is altered due to exposure to certain chemical or physical factors. This usually causes the protein to become biologically inactive. • Chaperonins – Protein molecules that assist in the folding of other protein molecules • Nucleic acids - A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

31. Charts and graphs

34. Questions • Which term includes the rest on the list? • Monosaccharide • Disaccharide • Starch • Carbohydrate • Polysaccharide

35. Amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if they are in alpha form. Which of the following can amylase break down? • Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin • Glycogen and cellulose • Cellulose and chitin • Starch and chitin • Starch, amylopectin, and cellulose

36. Which of the following statements about unsaturated fats is true? • They are more common in animals than plants • They have double bonds in their carbon trains • Generally solidify at room temperature • Contain more hydrogen than saturated fats with the same amount of carbon • Fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule

37. Structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is… • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quarternary • All levels are affected equally

38. Which of the following pairs produce a normal stretch of double-helix DNA • 5’-AGCT-3’ with 5’-TCGA-3’ • 5’-GCGC-3’ with 5’-TATA-3’ • 5’- ATGC-3’ with 5’-GCAT-3’ • 5’- purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3’ with 3’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5’ • All pairs are correct

39. Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds joining the nucleotides together. What would happen to a DNA molecule treated with these enzymes? • The double helix would split • The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars are broken • Purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars • Pyrimadines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars • All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars

40. Glucose's molecular formula is C6 H12 O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer, comprised of ten glucose molecules, bound my dehydration synthesis? • C60 H120 O60 • C6 H12 O6 • C60 H102 O51 • C60 H100 O50 • C60 H111 O51

41. Purines are consisted of? • A 6-ring and a 5-ring • A 5-ring and a 5-ring • Just a 5-ring • Just a 6-ring • Rainbow flatulence and unicorn droppings

42. What does antiparallel mean? • DNA strands run in opposite directions • DNA strands having a disagreement • DNA strands that have the same base connected • When there are more than 2 dimers in the same strand • There are mismatched bases in the strand

43. What are chaperonins? • Proteins that keep other proteins in line • Proteins designed to assist in apoptosis • Proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins • Proteins that shield weaker ones from danger • Proteins that destroy misfolded proteins

44. What happens in denaturation? • Proteins become malformed • Proteins are synthesized • Proteins are refolded • Proteins are used to make other proteins • Proteins have a shift in pH level

45. How many levels of protein structure are there? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • Over 9000

46. How many amino acids are there? • 10 • 17 • 42 • 20 • 100

47. Define Polymer. • A collection of monomers into one molecule • Building blocks of cupcakes • The stuff inside of Super Glue • The building blocks of macromolecules • Both A and D

48. The breaking of a polymer is called • Hydrolosis • Dehydration Synthesis • Poly-Splicing • Osmosis • Binary Fission

49. Chapter 8

50. Metabolism: The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions • Catabolism: Energy releasement by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones. • Anabolism: • Energy: is the capacity to cause change. • Metabolism is aided by enzymes that select either an anabolic pathway or a catabolic pathway.