The “Task” (Teamwork)

1. The “Task”(Teamwork) Made by: Baguio, Dimzon T. ,Jr Basilia, Ellora Kirsten Kintanar, Matthew Jzac V.

2. A businessman would like to increase his earnings through mining. Learning about his interest in the field, three companies immediately came up with project proposals for three different mineral reserves.

3. Company A proposed for manganese, Company B recommended phosphates; Company envisioned a coal mining industry. However, the businessman, seeing the project to involve a huge amount of money, thought of hiring your expertise as a team MINERAL EXPERTS to help him decide where to invest.

4. Coal

5. Coal Mining • The goal of coal mining is to economically remove coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and since the 1880s is widely used to generate electricity. • Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production.

6. Methods Of Extracting • The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and the geology and environmental factors. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. • Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on: regional geologic conditions; overburden characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography (especially altitude and slope); climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface drainage patterns; ground water conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.

7. Modern surface mining • When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut (also referred to as open cast, open pit, or strip) mining methods • This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. • In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface of the mining area. The coal is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded on to large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or direct to where it will be used.

8. Area mining • Strip mining exposes the coal by removing the overburden (the earth above the coal seam(s) in long cuts or strips. The spoil from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the planned mining area. • Equipment to be used depends on geologic conditions. For example, to remove overburden that is loose or unconsolidated, a bucket wheel excavator might be the most productive. The life of some area mines may be more than 50 years.

9. Contour Mining • The contour mining method consists of removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around a hillside. This method is most commonly used in areas with rolling to steep terrain. • The limitations on contour strip mining are both economic and technical. • When the operation reaches a predetermined stripping ratio (tons of overburden/tons of coal), it is not profitable to continue.

10. Mountaintop removal mining • Mountaintop coal mining is a surface mining practice involving removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and disposing of associated mining overburden in adjacent "valley fills." Valley fills occur in steep terrain where there are limited disposal alternatives. • Spoil is placed at the head of a narrow, steep-sided valley or hollow. In preparation for filling this area, vegetation and soil are removed and a rock drain constructed down the middle of the area to be filled, where a natural drainage course previously existed. When the fill is completed, this under drain will form a continuous water runoff system from the upper end of the valley to the lower end of the fill. Typical head-of-hollow fills are graded and terraced to create permanently stable slopes.

11. Room and pillar mining • Room and pillar mining consists of coal deposits that are mined by cutting a network of rooms into the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left behind in order to keep up the roof. The pillars can make up to forty percent of the total coal in the seam. However, this can be extracted at a later stage.

12. Underground mining • Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, which method currently accounts for about 60% of world coal production. There are five principal methods of underground mining: Longwall Mining Continous Mining Blast Mining Shortwall Mining Retreat Mining

13. Properties Of Coal • Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock normally occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

14. Phosphate • an inorganic chemical, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.

15. Phosphate Mining • The area in Central Florida where phosphate is found is known as Bone Valley because deposits often contain fossils of prehistoric creatures including mastodons, saber-tooth tigers and teeth from 40-foot sharks. Phosphate deposits in Florida are among the richest and most accessible in the world. Although there are several theories about how the deposits were formed, many experts believe the ocean covered what is now Florida about 10 million years ago. • Florida provides 75 percent of the phosphorous used by U.S. farmers and about 25 percent of world production. Critical for root and flower development in all plants, phosphorous is quickly depleted in soils and must be replenished regularly if fields are to remain fertile

16. Manganese • A chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. • Manganese is a silvery-gray metal resembling iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.

17. Effect of mining

18. Mining can help a businessman to improve his business.

19. Some effects of mining on the environment-it destroys forest and wetlands.-it may mean that you have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the spot that has a gold or iron ore.-mining can be one a cause of death-it causes erosion, flood, landslides, earthquakes and etc.

20. Mine Life-is a dangerous lifestyle, although it also destroys the environment and natural resources.

21. That’s All…Thank you. We searched at: http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/mang/p0005.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining Group 10: Matthew JzacKintanar -geologist Dimzon Baguio Jr. –Industrialist