Regulation and Implementation of Environmental Laws – Role of Pollution Control Boards

1. Regulation and Implementation of Environmental Laws – Role of Pollution Control Boards Dr. B. Sengupta Former Member Secretary CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Government of India, New Delhi [INDIA]E-mail : bsg161@gmail.com Mobile:- 9810043771 Presented at Conference organised by iCED at Jaipur during 27-29 September, 2011

2. Major Environmental Acts/Rules/Policy • The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 • The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 • The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 • The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003, 2009 • The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988, 2003 • The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 • The Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 • The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 • The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 • Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, 2009 • National Environmental Policy, 2006 • Fly Ash Management Rule, 2008 • Ambient Air quality standard , 1982, 1995, 2009 • Proposed national environmental assessment and monitoring authority, 2010

3. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN INDIA

4. I. Municipal Waste Water (MWW) Issues:- 35000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 11000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater. Impact:- • Cause severe pollution at water bodies, BOD > 100 mg|l, Coliform > 1Cr (in some water bodies) • Cause land pollution – ground water pollution • Spread of water borne diseases • Action Points • In phase manner, MWW has to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. • More emphasis to use treated waste water for reuse e.g. industrial process, irrigation etc. • Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. • Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. • Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. • Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. • Ground Water depletion to be checked in major cities & towns.

5. II. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Issues:- 1,20,000 Tonne per day (TPD) Municipal Solid Waste is generated, only 70% or the same is collected and only 5% is treated and disposed as per Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including groundwater quality problem. • Action Points • MSW has to be collected and disposed as per MSW Management Rules notified under E(P) Act, 1986. • Ministry of Urban Development under J.N.N.U.R.M. programme may play a major role for management of MSW in urban areas (more than 1 lakh Cr santioned) • More emphasis on recycle and reuse of the waste. • Use of calorific value of waste in power generation / cement plant etc. • Public Private Partnership for MSW management to be encouraged.

6. III. Fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Management Issues:- As per CPCB Air quality monitoring data (www.cpcb.nic.in), 83 cities and town in India are generally exceeding the ambient air quality standards for PM10,-PM2.5 Fine Particulate matter is causing serious health impact. • Action Points • Integrated approach to be taken for PM10 management. • Source apportionment study to be conducted for PM10 in all non-compliant cities. • More use of clean transportation fuel (CNG, LPG, Low Sulphur Diesel etc.) in highly polluted cities. • Use of vehicles meeting Bharat Stage-III/IV (akin to EURO-III/IV) standard in non-compliant cities.

7. IV. Fly Ash Management Issues:- Indian coal contains 34-47% ash. Ash generation from coal based power station is presently about 112 million tonnes per annum. It is going to increase to 150 million tonnes per annum after commissioning of all coal based Thermal Power Stations by 2015. • Action Points • Ash utilization as per new MoEF guidelines. • More use of ash in cement production. • Promotion of clean coal technologies. • Pit head power plants to dispose the ash in abandoned mines. • Ash should be considered as resource and not as waste.

8. Air Pollution Due to Use of Coal in Thermal Power Plants Source: CEA/NTPC Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical ,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on location specific requirements.

9. V. Hazardous Waste Management Issues:- Presently 8.14 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated from 29716 industries. However, there are only 27 nos of TSDF (Transport, Storage and Disposal Facility) exists, which is inadequate to handle all hazardous wastes. • Action Points • More TSDF facilities to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. • Promotion of clean technology to reduce generation of hazardous wastes. • Remediation of contaminated hazardous waste dump sites. • More common hazardous wastes incinerators as per CPCB guidelines, to be set-up.

10. Specific issues in HWM • 2,25,000 MT of chrome sludge lying at Ranipat from last 25 years (causing serious ground and land pollution) • Tirupur (18 CETP) sludge management • Delhi (17 CETP) sludge management • Ranipet /Vellore (24 CETP) sludge management • Lead slag disposal around 350 secondary lead industry • Chrome mine sludge management in Sukinda mines • Murcury bearing sludge management in Kodaikanal

11. VI. Bio Medical Waste Management Issues:- Presently 20-30% of Bio-medical wastes is collected, segregated and treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules. • Action Points • Number of Common Bio-medical Wastes Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) to be increased manifold. Presently there are 157 facilities which are not adequate to handle all the wastes. • CBMWTF is to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. • New technologies to be promoted for destruction of toxic bio-medical wastes.

12. VII. E-Waste Management Issues:- Presently more than 400,000 tonnes of E-waste is generated which may increase manifold in coming years. • Action Points • Common facility for E-Waste management (Collection, Segregation, Recovery of Metals and Reuse Facility) in Public Private Partnership mode to be setup. • Comprehensive e-waste management policy to be adopted (as per guidelines issued by CPCB (www.cpcb.nic.in). • More emphasis on metal recovery to be given.

13. VIII. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) in Chemical Industry Zone Issues:- There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides, pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemical manufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc. (Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad, Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areas toxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions are quite high. • Action Points • Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out. • Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene etc.) should be improved. • High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated. • Promotion of clean process technology to minimise the generation of HAP.

14. IX. Pollution From Small Scale Industries Issues:- There are more than 3-5 million Small Scale industries exists which are polluting in nature. These industries are as follows:  Stone crusher  Hot Mix Plant  Re-rolling mills  Sponge iron plants  Electroplating industries  Tannery units  Brick kilns  Lime kilns  Foundry  DG sets • Action Points • Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for various SSI units to be adopted. • More CETPs to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100 exists) to be improved. • Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.

15. X. Vehicular Pollution in Urban Areas Issues:- Vehicular population growth in urban areas of India is very high. In Delhi alone, more than 45 lacs vehicles are registered. Vehicular emissions are mainly responsible for poor air quality in urban areas. • Action Points • In-use vehicular emission to be controlled by proper inspection and monitoring system. • For new vehicles, Bharat Stage-III standards to be enforced in all urban areas where ambient air quality standards are not met. • Fuel adulteration is major problem and should be addressed. • Proper action plan based on source apportionment study should be prepared and implemented. • Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations to be set-up in urban areas and data display in web-site for public interaction.

16. Initiative for pollution control • Pollution control from 17 categories of highly polluting industry • 124 CETP for SSI cluster • 27 TSDF for hazardous waste management • 157 CBMWM for bio-medical waste management • 8 Common e-waste facility • Emission/effluent standard for 70 category of polluting industries and enforcement of standard through consent management. • Operation and maintenance of 339 national air quality monitoring stations. • Operation and maintenance of 1089 water quality monitoring stations • EIA for development projects and post project monitoring • Declaration of 43 critically polluted area based on comprehensive environmental pollution index (CEPI) • Declaration of 44 severely polluted areas based on CEPI

17. CREP initiative 2003 • Adoption of clean technology for pollution control • Waste minimization • Waste utilization (fly ash, BF slag etc) • Pollution prevention approach specially for SSI units • Water conservation (sector specific water consumption standard) • Zero discharge of effluent (distillery , drug and pharma industry etc) • Promotion of clean coal technology • Coal beneficiation regulation • Clean transportation fuel(CNG, LPG) • Clean fuel (lead free gasoline, low sulphur diesel, low benzene petrol)

18. Approach to Control Pollution • Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) drawn and implemented through Eight Task Forces (www.cpcb.nic.in). • 124 common effluent treatment plant set-up for control of water pollution from cluster of industries mainly chemical industries under PPP mode. • Waste minimisation and recycling of waste water promoted. • Action Plan to control pollution from 43 critically polluted areas. • Action Plan to control air pollution from 16 cities.

19. Control Strategies Adopted • Air Quality Standards notified (1982, 1994 & 2009) and Air Pollution Control areas declared • Emission Standards notified for Industries Vehicles (in-use & new), Gensets, etc. • Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel). • Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out older polluting vehicles, introduction of mass rapid transportation, etc. • Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010 • Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)

20. Control Strategies Adopted (contd..) • CREP developed for 17 categories of industries • Specific control strategies for major industries • Initiatives for small scale sector • City specific AQM action plans

21. No Specifications Before 1996 5 % June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro) April 1996 April 1995 3% in Metro cities April 2000 Jan 1997 Unleaded 4 metros Low leaded Entire Country Jan 1999 3 % in all India & 1% in Major Metros Nov. 2000 Unleaded NCR Gasoline Benzene Reduction Programme in India April. 2005 Feb 2000 3 % in all India Unleded Country April. 2010 1 % in NCT & Mumbai Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India

22. April April6 Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj August 1997 April 1998 Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities April-2000 April 2000-04 April-2005 Sulphur 0.05% Entire Country & 0.035 (11 cities) April-2010 Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities) & 0.035% (Entire Country) Vehicle Emission Norm Schedule In India Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV (11 cities) 2010 Euro-II (Country) Euro-III (11 cities) 2005 Euro-I equivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2000/01 2nd set norms notified 1996 Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Emission norms for catalytic vehicles Sulphur 0.05% 11 cities 1995 1st set norms notified 1990 Diesel Sulphur Reduction Programme

23. EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW (HDV)

24. INDUSTRY SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL 1. Distilleries • Concentration / Incineration of Spent Waste and Power generation. • Bio methanation followed by R.O. (to reduce the effluent quantity) and then composting (if press mud is available). 2. Paper and Pulp • Issue – Colour, Odour, AOx, Cl2 free bleaching. • Installation of Chemical Recovery Plants with Pollution Control Equipments. • Lignin recovery plant for small paper and pulp units. • Reduction of water consumption. 3. Iron and Steel Plant • Coke Oven Emission (PAH, VOC) control. • Effluent (CN¯, Phenol) management. • SMS slag utilisation. • Dry Coke quenching. Contd..

25. 4. Sponge Iron Plants • Char Management – use in AFBC / FBC Boiler with Coal for power generation. • WHRB – Kiln emission (GHG emission reduction). 5. Thermal Power Plants • Ash utilisation (cement plant, mine back filling). • Promotion of Clean Coal Technology. • Flue Gas desulphurisation (FGD) for SO2 control. 6. Textile Industry • TDS management from effluent. • R.O./Nano filtration – For reuse of water. • Waste recycling. Contd..

26. 7. Cement Industry • Use of high calorific value hazardous waste as partial fuel in cement kiln. • Use of fly ash / iron slag from cement making (carbon credit under CDM) 8. Aluminium Industry • Secondary emission of fluoride from pot room. • PAH emission control from Baking furnace. • Spent Pot lining disposal. 9. Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry • Segregation of high COD/ high TDS waste. • Steam stripping for VOC control • Recovery of solvents • High TDS effluent management (MEE, drier, solid waste management) • Incinerator emission • Odour Control. • Reuse of water

27. ACHIEVEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

28. REDUCTION IN PARTICULATE MATTER LOAD DUE TO VARIOUS CONTROL MEASURES 299291 300000 PM LOAD IN TONNES/DAY 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 5365 0 WITHOUT CONTROL WITH CONTROL DEVICE DEVICE

29. ACHIEVEMENTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

30. OUTCOME OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL IN TERMS OF REDUCTION OF POLLUTION LOADS BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT 19152 Pollution Loads, t/d 20000 15000 9478 10000 5123 1776 5000 0 BOD COD Pollution Parameters

31. Gap analysis in Pollution Control Hazardous air pollutants like VOC’s, BTX, EDC and other carcinogenic pollutants are not regularly monitored and controlled. Health impact study are not done in a systematic way Inspection and maintenance system for vehicles are non existent Adulteration of transportation fuel not checked Inefficient DG set emission and noise control

32. Important Provision of Air Act, 1981 • Function of Central Board under section 16(2) • Advice the central government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution, • Plan and cause to be executed a nation vide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; • Co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputed among them; • Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; • Plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify;

33. Important Provision of Air Act, 1981 • organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; • collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; • lay down standards for the quality of air; • collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution; • perform such other functions as may be prescribed

34. Important Provision of Air Act, 1981 • Function of State Pollution Control Boards under section 17(1) • To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention control or abatement of air pollution and to secure the execution thereof; • To advice the state government on any matter concerning the prevention control or abatement of air pollution; • To collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution; • To collaborate with central board in organising the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organise mass education programme relating thereto; • To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such direction to such person as it may consider necessary to take step for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;

35. Important Provision of Air Act, 1981 • To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess the quality therein and take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas • To lay down in consultation with Central Board and having regard to the standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central Boards, standards for the emission of air pollution into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft; provided the different standards for emission may be laid down under the clause for different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants; • To advice the state government with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution; • To perform such other functions as may be prescribed by the central board or the state government;

36. Section 18 of Air Act – Power to give directions • In the performance of its function under this act • The central board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the central government may give to it; and • Every state board shall be bound by such direction in writing as the central board or the state government may give to it; • Section 19 – Power to declare air pollution control areas • The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification in official gazette declared in such manner as may be prescribed, any area or areas within the State as air pollution control area or areas for the purposes of this act.

37. Section 31 (A) of Air Act – Power to give directions • Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, but subject to the provsions of this Act, and to any directions that Central Government may give in this behalf, a Board may, in the exercise of its powers and performance of its functioning under this Act, issue any directions in writing to any person, officer or authority, and such person, officers or authority shall be bound to comply with such directions. • Explanation : for the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that the power to issue directions under this section, includes the power to direct – • The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process ; or • The stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity, water or any other service.

38. Reason for High Air Pollution in Urban Areas • Uncontrolled growth of vehicular population • Type of vehicles on road (predominant old vehicles, Bharat Stage – II vehicles, 2W / 3W) • Fuel quality issues • Fuel adulteration issues • Air pollution from SSI units (brick kiln, stone crusher, hotmix plants etc.) • Large number of DG Sets (small power generating set run on liquid fuel) • Coal based power station

39. Reasons for High Air Pollution in Industrial Areas / Clusters • 43 critically polluted areas and 44 Severely Polluted areas based on CEPI index by CPCB / MoEF • Uncontrolled SOx / NOx emission from Coal based power station (Singrauli, Korba, Talcher etc.) • Toxic pollutant emission (VOC, BTX etc.) from chemical industrial zones (Vapi, Ankaleshwar, Mahad, Pattancheru, Tarapur etc.) • Air pollution in mining areas (Bellary, Raniganj etc.)

40. The Air CEPI index for 43 Critically Polluted Areas

41. Source : CPCB Website

42. Air Quality Monitoring / Assessment in india • CPCB / SPCB are operating 343 air quality monitoring stations • CPCB / SPCB are operating 50 continuous air quality monitoring stations • Industries are operating more than 300 continuous monitoring stations • Parameter monitored • PM10, SO2, NOx (All Stations) • PM2.5, CO, Benzene, Ozone, PAH (in selected few stations)

43. Typical Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi

44. Annual Average of PM10 in four mega cities

45. Annual Average of No2 in four mega cities

46. Cities at different levels of PM10

48. Most Polluted City with respect to Oxides of Nitrogen Source : CPCB

49. AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS

50. POLLUTION CAUSES, POLLUTANTS & EFFECTS MAJOR CAUSES Automobile exhausts, Industrial emission, Domestic cooking, Thermal power plants MAJOR POLLUTANTS Heavy metals: Pb, Fe, Cd, Zn, Ni Gases: CO, NOx, SO2 VOC: Benzene, Toluene PAH: Benzo-a-pyrene, Benz anthracene Particulate matter: 0.01-100m • Health effects of pollutants • Induction or revival of diseases • Respiratory illness / disorder • Genotoxicity leading to cancer • Systemic & Immune alterations • Cardiovascular problems • Brain damage • Retardation of fetal growth Health effects are the impact of a complex mixture rather than a particular pollutant