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CISC 1600/1610 Computer Science I

CISC 1600/1610 Computer Science I. Programming in C++ Professor Julie Harazduk jharazduk@fordham.edu Office: JMH 338. Each class – Take Attendance on BB. Click the Class Click Tools Click Qwikly Attendance Enter the 4 digit number. This is a course…. In Programming For beginners

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CISC 1600/1610 Computer Science I

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  1. CISC 1600/1610Computer Science I Programming in C++ Professor Julie Harazduk jharazduk@fordham.edu Office: JMH 338

  2. Each class – Take Attendance on BB • Click the Class • Click Tools • Click Qwikly Attendance • Enter the 4 digit number

  3. This is a course… • In Programming • For beginners • who want to become professionals • i.e., people who can produce systems that others will use • who are assumed to be bright • Though not (necessarily) geniuses • who are willing to work hard • Though do need sleep occasionally, and take a normal course load • Using the C++ programming language

  4. Instructor Prof. Julie Harazduk Email: jharazduk@fordham.edu Office hours: Mon-Thu 1:00-2:15 or email me for an appointment Office: JMH 338 Website: http://storm.cis.fordham.edu/harazduk/cs1600

  5. Introduction to programming with C++ Learn • Fundamental programming concepts • Key techniques • Basic C++ facilities By the end of the course, you will be able to: • Write small C++ programs • Read much larger programs • Learn the basics of many other languages • Proceed to advanced C++ courses

  6. Requirements • Attendance and participation • Lectures and lab sessions • Lab assignments – roughly 6-8 across semester • Quizzes – each 15 minutes, 5 across semester • Final project • Exams – 1 midterm, 1 final • Academic integrity – may discuss assignments with your classmates, but you MUST write all your code and all your answers yourself

  7. How to succeed in class Ask questions • In class • In office hours JMH 338, tutor room JMH 301 • Study together and discuss assignments with each other (without plagiarizing!) Read Textbook • Read and re-read the material, self-test! • Complete practice problems Start coding and studying early – PLAY Around!

  8. Course textbook Starting out withC++ from Control Structures through Objects Ninth Edition Tony Gaddis

  9. Course outline • Programming basics, input/output, arithmetic • Conditional statements • Loops • Modularity – functions • Complex data – arrays, strings, and classes Throughout the semester: • Proper programming style

  10. Course Material http://storm.cis.fordham.edu/harazduk/cs1600 Go online for • Announcements • Lecture slides • Course materials/handouts • Assignments

  11. “Two courses in one”: CISC 1600 and CISC 1610 CISC 1600 and 1610 cover lecture and lab • We may work in lab during lecture time • We may have lecture during lab time Listen for announcements during class/online!

  12. A program provides a computer with a set of simple instructions to achieve a goal

  13. Think about a program to put on a jacket? What does it need to do? How exact does it need to be? We’ll come back to it.

  14. Programs are everywhere On your computer: • Web browser • Request and display information from distant sites • Word processor • Record text, change appearance, save to disk • Anywhere else?

  15. Programs are everywhere In the dining hall: • Cashier • Compute price of food purchase, charge payment to account, (if pay cash: compute change) • HVAC • Monitor temperature, adjust A/C or heating And beyond… • Self-Driving Car!

  16. Programs have to be precise • Programs are written in a programming language. • Programs must use correct grammar (syntax). • Programs must have correct logic (semantics). • Programs run on a computer. • Most computers are dumb. • They do exactly what you say to do, not what you meant for them to do. • They can’t fill in missing details. If you leave out a detail, it won’t get done.

  17. Computer system structure Output Central processing unit (CPU) – performs all the instructions Memory – stores data and instructions for CPU Input – collects information from the world Output – provides information to the world CPU Memory Input

  18. Ready to program putting on a jacket? What does it need to do? How exact does it need to be? We’ll come back to it.

  19. Pseudocode to put on a jacket • Pick up jacket with two hands • Repeat the following until the jacket is upright • Turn jacket in x,y dimension 90 degrees • Are sleeve openings facing you? • Turn jacket in x,z dimension 180 degrees • Pick one hand to hold jacket • Place other hand into opposing sleeve and push arm thru…

  20. How do we 'talk to a computer'? • Programming 'Languages' • Like spoken languages: • you must practice • there are several ways to say the same thing • Unlike spoken languages: • The 'answers' are deterministic (predictable) • The grammar is super picky, such as… • Where you put punctuation, capitalization

  21. C++ – high-level language • High-level language • Uses words to describe instructions • More intuitive to people • Computer-independent • Machine-language • Uses binary to describe instructions • Less intuitive to people • Computer-dependent C++ code balance=balance-charge; Compiler assembly code 10000000 10000100 00110010 01110100 machine code

  22. Compiler C++ code balance=balance-charge; Converts your code to Machine code (Sometimes first to Assembly or byte-code, sometimes directly to machine code) Assembly code Machine code 0000 0010 0010 1011 1000 1000 0010 0010

  23. Binary Machine code (binary) is made only of 0s and 1s? Why? 1 Binary Digit is a Bit 8 Binary Digits is a Byte 0000 0010 0010 1011 1000 1000 0010 0010

  24. A Little Bit about Binary • How high can you count on one hand? Finger up is 1 Finger down is 0 Add the values showing Answer= 31 Why? 11111 4 2 8 16 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

  25. Tiny Bit of C++ History • Built as an extension of ‘C’ • C (Kernigan & Ritchie – Bell Labs 1969-1972) • By Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs • (Danish Masters in Math & CS) • Began in 1979. First published in 1985

  26. Why C++? • Popular modern programming language • In use since 1980’s • Similar structure to many/most other popular languages (Java, C#, Perl, Python) • Exposes low level concepts in a high level language. • Take CISC2000/2010 to see the low level and high level constructs.

  27. 1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software

  28. Main Hardware Component Categories: • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Main Memory • Secondary Memory / Storage • Input Devices • Output Devices

  29. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Comprised of: Control Unit Retrieves and decodes program instructions Coordinates activities of all other parts of computer Arithmetic & Logic Unit Hardware optimized for high-speed numeric calculation Hardware designed for true/false, yes/no decisions

  30. CPU Organization Figure 1-3

  31. Main Memory • Is volatile, meaning not permanent • Values in main memory are lost when a program terminates or computer is turned off. • Can be access in any order • Also called Random Access Memory (RAM) • Is organized as follows: • bit: smallest piece of memory. Has values 0 (off, false) or 1 (on, true) • byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.

  32. Main Memory • Addresses – Each byte in memory is identified by a unique number known as an address. • In Figure 1-4, the number 149 is stored in the byte with the address 16, and the number 72 is stored at address 23.

  33. Main Memory • Main Memory holds both our programs and our data. • Programs are both data and instructions. • The CPU reads instructions, interprets them and executes them from main memory. • Main Memory is assigned by the system to our program. • We don’t get to pick the address assigned, but we do get to access it.

  34. Secondary Storage • Non-volatile, meaning permanent • data retained when program is not running or computer is turned off • Comes in a variety of media: • magnetic: traditional hard drives that use a moveable mechanical arm to read/write • solid-state: data stored in chips, no moving parts • optical: CD-ROM, DVD • Flash drives, connected to the USB port

  35. Input Devices • Devices that send information to the computer from outside • Many devices can provide input: • Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, digital camera, microphone • Disk drives, CD drives, and DVD drives

  36. Software-Programs That Run on a Computer • Categories of software: • System software: programs that manage the computer hardware and the programs that run on them. • Examples: operating systems, utility programs, software development tools • Application software: programs that provide services to the user. • Examples : word processing, games, programs to solve specific problems

  37. 1.1 Why Program?

  38. Why Program? Computer – programmable machine designed to follow instructions Program – instructions in computer memory to make it do something Programmer – person who writes instructions (programs) to make computer perform a task SO, without programmers, no programs; without programs, a computer cannot do anything

  39. 1.3 Programs and Programming Languages

  40. Programs and Programming Languages • We start with a problem that we want to solve. • We need a program that will solve it over and over. • A program is a set of instructions that the computer follows to perform a task • Let’s think about how to calculate gross pay for an hourly worker. • What inputs do we need to calculate gross pay? • We need an algorithm, which is a set of well-defined steps.

  41. Example Algorithm for Calculating Gross Pay

  42. 1.4 What is a Program Made of?

  43. What is a Program Made of? • Common elements in programming languages: • Key Words • Programmer-Defined Identifiers • Operators • Punctuation • Syntax

  44. Program 1-1

  45. Key Words • Also known as reserved words • Have a special meaning in C++ • Can not be used for any other purpose • Key words in the Program 1-1: using, namespace, int, double, and return

  46. Key Words

  47. Machine Language • Although the previous algorithm defines the steps for calculating the gross pay, it is not ready to be executed on the computer. • The computer only executes machinelanguage instructions

  48. Machine Language • Machine language instructions are binary numbers, such as1011010000000101 • Rather than writing programs in machine language, programmers use programming languages.

  49. Programs and Programming Languages • Types of languages: • Low-level: used for communication with computer hardware directly. Often written in binary machine code (0’s/1’s) directly. • High-level: closer to human language

  50. Some Well-Known Programming Languages (Table 1-1 on Page 10) C++ BASIC Ruby Java FORTRAN Visual Basic C# COBOL JavaScript C Python

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