Career Theory - Review

1. Parsons Holland Super Krumboltz Gottfredson – Trait and Factor – Person-Environment Matching – Life Span/Life Space – Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making / Learning Theory of Career Counseling – Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation Career Theory - Review

2. Trait and Factor(Frank Parsons) • “Matching men to jobs • Identify individual’s traits • Know workplace factors • Match individual to the ONE right job

3. Person-Environment Matching(John Holland) • Individuals express their personalities through their vocational interests • Individuals seek out work environments in which they can fully utilize their skills and abilities and express their attitudes and values • Individuals and work environments can be classified respectively by their personalities and personality requirements into 1 or some combination of 6 categories

4. Person-Environment Matching(John Holland) Realistic Conventional Investigative Enterprising Social Artistic

5. Life Span / Life Space(Donald E. Super) • Life Span – Developmental • 5 Stages • Growth • Exploration • Establishment • Maintenance • Disengagement

6. Life Span / Life Space(Donald E. Super) • Life Space – “Theatres” • Child • Student • Leisurite • Citizen • Worker • Homemaker • Spouse • Parent • Pensioner • Qualities of roles • Bandwith • Salience • Intensity • Problem • Role “Spillover”

7. 4 factors influence career decision making Genetic endowments and special abilities Environmental events and conditions Instrumental and associative learning experiences Task approach skills 4 primary ways factors influence career decisions Self-observation generalizations Worldview generalizations Task approach skills Actions Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making – SLTCDM(John Krumboltz)

8. Typical career concerns Indecision (goal absence; incapable of deciding) Undecided (lack of information) Unrealism (high aspirations) Multipotentiality (equal alternative conflict) Typical LTCC interventions Help clients acquire more accurate self-observation generalizations Help clients acquire more accurate worldview generalizations Learn new task approach skills Take appropriate career-related actions Learning Theory of Career Counseling – LTCC(John Krumboltz)

9. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) • Circumscription – Process of eliminating unacceptable occupational alternatives based primarily upon gender and prestige • Guided by 5 principles • Children capable of understanding and organizing complex information • Occupational preferences reflect attempts to implement and enhance self-concept • Children integrate complex distinctions among people (prestige) while integrating the more concrete phenomena (sex roles) • Children progressively eliminate occupational options as self-concept complexity and clarity increases • Process is gradual and not readily obvious

10. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) • Principles operate throughout 4 cognitive stages which describe process • Orientation to size and power • Orientation to sex roles • Orientation to social valuation • Orientation to internal, unique self

11. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) • Compromise – Modifying occupational choices in light of limiting factors, whether internally or externally imposed • Tolerable-effort boundary • Tolerable-level boundary • Tolerable-sextype boundary • Zone of acceptable alternatives • Self-Creation – Included in circumscription process; altering self-concept in light of developmental or environmental factors

12. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) • Compromise – Modifying occupational choices in light of limiting factors, whether internally or externally imposed • Tolerable-effort boundary • Tolerable-level boundary • Tolerable-sextype boundary • Zone of acceptable alternatives

13. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) Psychiatrist High Surgeon Federal Judge Tolerable-Effort Boundary High School Teacher Elementary Teacher Prestige Zone of Acceptable Alternatives Real Estate Agent Nurse Tolerable-Sextype Boundary Receptionist Tolerable-Level Boundary Construction Worker Low Masculine Feminine Sextype Rating

14. Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson) • Self-Creation – Included in circumscription process; altering self-concept in light of developmental or environmental factors

15. Lent, Brown, & Hackett Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, & Lenz Hansen – Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) – Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) – Integrative Life Planning (ILP) Career Theory - What’s New

16. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) Robert W. Lent Steven D. Brown Gail Hackett

17. SCCT - Influences • Cognitive variables and processes • Personal agency • Constructivism

18. SCCT - Goals • To trace connections between persons and their career-related contexts • To trace connections between cognitive and interpersonal factors • To trace connections between self-directed and externally imposed influences • Intended to build conceptual linkages with other theories of career development • Offer a potentially unifying framework • How Holland types develop • How learning experiences influence interests in Krumboltz’s theory • What factors affect differential role salience in Super’s theory • How people acquire abilities in Dawis’ and Loftquist’s Theory of Work Adjustment

19. SCCT – Central concepts and assumptions • Person-environment interaction is dynamic and situation specific • People are products AND producers of their environments • Key Theoretical Constructs • Self-efficacy • Outcomes expectations • Goals

20. Development of Basic Career Interests over Time (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) Perceived Abilities Self-Efficacy Sources of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations Intentions/ Goals for Activity Involvement Activity Selection and Practice Performance Attainments (e.g., goal fulfillment, skill development Interest Outcome Expectations Values

21. Person, Contextual, and Experiential Factors Affecting Career-Related Choice Behavior (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1993) Person Inputs -Predispositions -Gender -Ethnicity -Disability/Health Status Contextual Influences Proximal to Choice Behavior 12 Self-Efficacy moderate 11 moderate 1 10 7 Learning Experiences Performance Domains and Attainments Choice Goals Choice Actions Interest 3 4 5 8 9 2 Outcome Expectations Background Contextual Affordances 6

22. SCCT – Intervention Implications • Expanding interests and facilitating choice • Overcoming barriers to choice and success • Developing and modifying self-efficacy perceptions

23. Cognitive Information Processing – CIP • Developers • Gary W. Peterson • James P. Sampson • Robert C. Reardon • Janet G. Lenz

24. Cognitive Information Processing – CIP • “Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime.”

25. CIP in context • Theoretically integrative • Trait & Factor (Parsons) • P/E Matching (Holland) • Earlier decision theories (Janis & Mann; Katz; Gelatt, Tiedeman) • SLTCDM (Krumboltz)

26. CIP definitions • Career problem • Career problem solving • Career decision making • Career development • Lifestyle

27. CIP – 4 Assumptions • Career decision making involves interaction between cognitive and affective processes • Decision making capacity depends upon availability of cognitive operations and knowledge • Career development is ongoing and cognitive structures continually evolve • Enhancing information processing skills is the goal of career counseling

28. CIP – 3 Dimensions • Pyramid of information processing • CASVE cycle of decision making skills • Executive processing domain

29. CIP – Pyramid of Information Processing Executive Processing Domain Meta- cognitions Generic Information-Processing Skills (CASVE) Decision Making Skills Domain Knowledge Domains Occupational Knowledge Self-Knowledge

30. CIP – CASVE Cycle of Decision Making Skills External or Internal Problem Signals External or Internal Problem Signals Communication (Identifying a gap) Execution (Forming means-ends strategies Analysis (Interrelating problem components) Valuing (Prioritizing Alternatives) Synthesis (Creating likely Alternatives)

31. CIP –Executive Processing Domain • Metacognitive skills • Self-talk • Self-awareness • Monitoring and control

32. CIP – Intervention Implications • Foci are the three domains • Acquisition of knowledge • Acquisition of decision-making skills • Development of executive processing domain • Specifics • Teaching decision making skills before problems become apparent • Helping students identify and utilize information sources • Assessment for self-knowledge • Applying CASVE to help clients solve specific problems • Disputing irrational beliefs (developing positive self-talk) • Help clients develop internal locus of control • Help clients understand what “success” looks like

33. Integrative Life Planning – ILP(L. Sunny Hansen) • Focuses on adult career development • “New worldview” • Addresses diversity issues • Holistic integration • Personal agency • Connections

34. ILP – 4 Assumptions • Nature of knowledge changing demanding new ways of knowing • Connections in life are important • Broader kinds of self-knowledge and societal knowledge are critical • Career counseling needs to focus on career professionals as change agents

35. ILP – 6 Career Development Tasks • Finding work that needs doing in changing global contexts • Weaving our lives into a meaningful whole • Connecting family and work • Valuing pluralism and diversity • Managing personal transitions and organizational change • Exploring spirituality and life purpose

36. ILP – Intervention Implications • Focus on developmental tasks • Understand them • See interrelatedness • Prioritize tasks according to personal needs • Teach approach to life planning • Connectedness • Wholeness • Community