Globalization and challenges to secondary education

1. Globalization and challenges to secondary education Dr.Y.Josephine yjosephine@nuepa.org 1

2. What is Globalisation The term globalisation means free trade and free movement of all factors of production including labour 2

3. The globalisation process in India during the pastAncient period Globalisation Economic factors that led to the country's economic prosperity References available from Jatakas and other texts. Evidences are also based on discovery of Indian articles The time of Buddha (3rd century B. C.) Indian sailors could go to lands now called Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Campuchea in the east and Sri Lanka in the South Mauryan policy of friendship with the world 3

4. In the early centuries of the Christian era spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim countries) ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee, Indian iron (for its purity, live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots, peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished at that time. 4

5. First millennium -Globalization Process India took a leading and pioneer role 5

6. The expansion of India's Globalisation process in the East Asiaduring Gupta era (240-495 A.D) India's international trade connections reached its peak 6

7. Decline of Indian Globalisation Decline since the 8th century A.D. and became insignificant in the course of next three hundred years. 7

8. Reasons Due to low technology Inability to protect her trading infrastructure from foreign invaders which resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it was disastrous during middle age 8

9. 20th century globalisation in India started since-1985 continuing till now with varying degree of pace in its successive phases (1985-91, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected to continue 9

10. Background for the Present Globalisation in India • Economic Crisis in India • Political Imbalances • Gulf Crisis Loss of Export Market Higher Import Bill • Impact on • International Credits • International Market 10

11. As a Result India near to default in July 1991. Widespread Shortage of essential imported Commodities Cut Back on Industrial Output Inflation Unable to pay the maintenance cost 11

12. Corrective steps taken To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by the stringent conditionalities imposed by the World Bank and the IMF. This resulted in the adoption of completely different types of economic policies in 1991 which are now well known as 'economic reforms'. 12

13. Emergence of LPG or SAPs or Reforms This phase of globalisation for India as the Economic Reforms policies consisted of LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation 13

14. These Reforms are Liberalization of foreign Exchange Devaluation Increase of Cuts in spending Indirect Taxes Reduction in Govt Expenditure Cut on Social Sector Cut on Education 14

15. Sectors where Globalisation/Economic Reforms entered Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of Higher education,Internationalization of education Linguistic, cultural & ideology convergence-Emergence of Foreign language centers,international brands promotion etc. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex CitiBank etc Communication & Information Technology sector- Private Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer , internet etc. International movement of people-Liberal policy in Passport issues,visa etc. Business sector-World system of signs & images & brands 15

16. Countries –Failure Zaire-Africa Mali-Africa Nigeria-Africa Niger-Africa Sierra-Africa Leone-Africa Zambia Africa Peru-South America Madagascar-Africa Bolivia-South America Ethiopia-Africa Mauritina -Africa Countries-successful Korea-Asia Hongkong-Asia Singapore-Asia Malaysia-Asia China-Asia Thailand-Asia Indonesia-Asia 16

17. Asian Countries which are Globalising India Bangladesh Philippines Pakisthan 17

18. Impact on Education sector- World Experiences Failures after Globalization Reduced attendance in the School Fees introduced at Primary level Skilled manpower migration(Brain Drain) High opportunity cost Success after Globalization Income increased Resources from other sources increased Rise in human development High Domestic savings. (25% in Education) 18

19. Changes in the system of Education in India Conventional System(Usual) Welfare Approach Public Higher Education Public Financing Private: State Financed Institutions. Private: Government Recognised Institutions Private: Degree awarding Institutions Emerging System Market Approach Mixed and Private Higher Education Private Financing Private: Self Financing Institutions Private Institutions requiring no Government recognition Private: Non-Degree (Diploma/ Certificate) awarding Institutions 19

20. Contd.. Conventional System(Usual) Private: Philanthropy and educational Considerations No Fees Low Levels of Fees No Student Loans Commercially Ineffective Loan Programmes -- no security High default rates Emerging System Private: commercial motives; profit motives Introduction of Fees High Levels of Fees Introduction of Student Loan Programmes Effective/Commercially Viable Loan Programmes: security/mortgage Expected high recovery rates 20

21. Contd.. Emergence of many Academic Disciplines Emphasis on lifelong Education Increasing pressure on Role of the Heads of Institutions on ethics and accountability Self-Financing/Commercially viable/profitable disciplines of study Open/Distance/Part-Time Education Academic leadership , Money Management; and in Resource Generation 21

22. The paradigm shift in school education-Tension points to schools • Hybridization focusing on – • the content and process of education • system of evaluation of the outcomes of learning through moderation • standardization, and certification. • knowledge-divide, • social divide, and • an urban-rural divide

23. The GATS gateway • The emergence of GATS has opened yet another threshold for global competition and partnership

24. The Globetrotters • global level school education providers • (like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian school educational system, and the German mode) designing an updated educational edifice • already designed and entered to cater to the local Indian educational requirements

25. Specific Tension points to school system Mismatch between Global needs and local production Traditional set ups and demand for modernity Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunityand facing the competition Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow progress in Teacher/principals up gradation Of know-- Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the demand of education 25

26. Contd.. Demand for new skills, Demand for new knowledge, Demand for new emotional strength Change in the demand in employment global demands for global education 26

27. Demands -Skill Level Changes Skilled 20% Unskilled 15% Unskilled 60% Professional 20% Skilled 65% Professional 20% 1970 2007 11/28/07

28. Present education scenario of India 4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage, 8% in higher education degree which may not be very relevant in today's context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates.. Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering, I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects. 3/12/2014 28

29. Current employment situation Of all new employment generated, 1% are Government jobs, 2% are in the ‘organized sector’ and the balance 97% in the' unorganized sector’ 3/12/2014 29

30. we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise • I.T. & Software India's present share is about 3%. • For rapid economic growth and employment generation we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise and make it world class.

31. India's internal problems 71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age. 2. 29 million people are born every year, 3. 94% drop out rate of children between kindergarten and 10+2 www.wakeupcall.org 3/12/2014 31

32. India as the world see Powered with more Young population English Language power Moving from identity of Snake charmers to mouse movers World leaders acknowledges India’s rise ---visits from leaders and officials from the United States, France, Germany and Russia have spotlighted. wealthier nations see India as trading partner with enormous potential- 3/12/2014 32

33. Graduates of the nation’s business programs are in high demand among multinational corporations, • Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country. • This is comparable to graduates of top American business schools such as Harvard, Stanford

34. Future agenda or Goals for school education Improving Secondary Education in India : Finding Complementarities with International Standards 3/12/2014 34

35. Prepare younger generation with new knowledge, • renewed skills for understanding technical know- how, • sharpening competencies necessary for human and economic development • Redesigning methodology of educational teaching process,

36. Balancing Vocational and Academic Education- • Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills- • Designing Systems for Mass or Selective Education· • Building Better Curriculum Models

37. Designing integrated and interdisciplinary courses • Terminal education tolifelong learning • Information-based learning systems toapplication knowledge • learning toanalysis and synthesis • Memorisation to critical thinking • Learning things just in case they may be useful toa time learning system that promotes

38. A directive based system toan initiative based system • A highly centralized system toa devolving system • Supply driven vocational courses todemand-oriented courses

39. Impart education suits Jobs for the 21st Century Funding to initiate or expand activities that help meet the goals of the new Jobs for the 21st Century initiative by ensuring that all students are prepared to succeed in postsecondary education and the workforce.

40. Skills oriented education for 21st Century Workforce • Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects • Development of Multiple intelligence • Critical Thinking:Creative Thinking • Decision-Making • Problem Solving • Interpersonal Relationship • Effective Communication • Coping with Emotions • Coping with Stress • Self-Awareness • Empathy • high value on • Verbal & written communications • Math • Computer expertise

41. Need for vocational education • While 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35 years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education • & training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules, • we in India have only identified about 97 courses • after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2% of the population goes for formal VET training!

42. Plan to face WTO. • New technologies for anytime, anywhere learning.. • Focus on the consumer Education which is a means to a livelihood. • Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the future needs of the industrial and service sectors. • Higher education institutions must engage with industry.

43. Revise school syllabus all school examination boards should revise their syllabus to test research, analysis, memory, comprehension and expression capabilities of students. • There is urgent need to develop innovative curricula, • Most foreign boards provide flexibility in curriculum through wide range of subjects

44. modern teaching methods practice modern teaching methods, and generate competitive academic culture for which an enabling framework of governance is needed. 3/12/2014 44

45. Modern evaluation methods Student friendly evaluation open choice frame work Move beyond the textbooks syndrome 3/12/2014 45