Bell Ringer & Vocab

1. Bell Ringer & Vocab Content Vocab Tuskegee Airmen Navajo Code Talkers 442nd Combat Regiment Manhattan Project Academic Vocab Hero Who is someone you find inspiring?

2. American WWII Heroes World War Two Memorial- Washington DC

3. American Heroes • American Military • Women in the War • Tuskegee Airmen • Navajo Code Talkers • 442nd Unit • Manhattan Project

4. Creating an Army • 1940- Before the United States enters the war Congress approved the first peacetime draft in History • At first, the numbers of draftees was overwhelming. • The GIs, named after the initials on their uniforms meaning “Government Issue,” went through basic training for eight weeks.

5. Good Bye Soldiers!

6. Segregated Units • At the beginning of the war, the United States military was completely segregated. • African Americans were organized into their own military units with white officers in command. • In the army, African Americans also performed well, receiving various awards for distinguished service. Segregation did not end during the war, but led to full military integration in 1948

7. Getting the Job Done In 1941 the American troops were untrained and had little military experience. They did, however, get the job done and suffered the fewest casualties in combat of all the major powers in the war.

8. Tuskegee Airmen • Due to racial discrimination, African American servicemen were not allowed to learn to fly until 1941, when African American college graduates were selected for what the Army called "an experiment”. • The army air force turned the experiment into the 99th Pursuit Squadron, an African American unit. • Known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

10. When Eleanor Roosevelt visited Tuskegee Army Air Field in 1941, she insisted on taking a ride in an airplane with a black pilot at the controls. ER's pilot was Charles Anderson. ER then insisted that her flight with Anderson be photographed and the film developed immediately so that she could take the photographs back to Washington when she left the field. ER used this photograph as part of her campaign to convince FDR to activate the participation of the Tuskegee Airmen in North Africa and in the European Theater.

12. Tuskegee Airmen Painted tails RED • In June 1943, the Tuskegee Airmen entered into combat over North Africa. • They were involved in more than 15,000 attacks, completing over 1,500 missions during the war. • They never lost an American escorted bomber to enemy fighters. No other escort unit could claim such a record. • When the war ended, the Tuskegee Airmen returned home with 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, Legions of Merit and the Red Star of Yugoslavia

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCnejHeWwOg Click

14. Women in the War

15. Women in the War • Congress established the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp (WAAC) • Coast Guard, navy, and marines quickly followed the army and set up their own women’s units • But were banned from combat • In addition to serving in these organizations, another 68,000 women served as nurses

17. Navajo Code Talkers

18. Navajo Code Talkers • Over 400 Navajo served in the marine corps as code talkers • Sworn to secrecy, their mission was not revealed until many years after the war

20. Navajo Code Talkers • Transmitted vital messages during the war • Only unbreakable military code Click http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3j2EBkTA-o

21. 442nd Regiment • In May 1943, approximately 1,500 Japanese Americans volunteers from the mainland and 3,000 from Hawaii assembled for training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. • In less than two years of combat, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team earned more than 18,000 honors • The 442nd Regimental Combat Team is the most decorated unit in U.S. military history.

22. The Manhattan Project • The U.S had a top secret program code-named the Manhattan Project led by Gen. Groves. • Groves organized a team of engineers and scientists to build an atomic bomb. • The secret laboratory was located in Los Alamos, New Mexico

23. Einstein’s Letter to FDR 1. Judging from the tone of the excerpt, what were Einstein’s goals for the letter? 2. How does Einstein attempt to draw attention to the need for a nuclear program? 3. If you were Roosevelt, how would you have assessed the validity of this letter? 4. Do you think Roosevelt considered Germany a nuclear threat at the time of this letter, which is before American involvement? What did he think after this letter? 5. What is the most important part of the excerpt above? …In the course of the last four months it has been made probable - through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America - that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium, by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future… This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable - though much less certain - that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory… I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated. Yours very truly, Albert Einstein August 2nd, 1939

25. So What Does the Bomb Do? • The atomic bombs were either uranium or plutonium based and involved fission(splitting atoms) or fusion (joining atomic nuclei). • The bombs are designed to be detonated about 1900ft. in the sky. • The explosions generated heat estimated at 3,900 degrees Celsius (7,000 degrees Fahrenheit) and winds that were estimated at 1005 km/h (624 mph) and extreme radiation. Click http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/manhattan-project#manhattan-project

26. Dr. Roy Glauber • Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City. He was a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, and went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at the age of 18) he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb. After two years at Los Alamos, he returned to Harvard, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1946 and his PhD in 1949 •  2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence",. In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light and light from light bulbs His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics