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Maximizing Returns and Managing Risks with Asset-Backed Securities

Learn about securitization of loans, types of securitized assets, loan sales, standby letters of credit, and managing risks with asset-backed securities. Discover advantages, concerns, fees, and benefits. Understanding loan sales and servicing rights. Explore standby letters of credit (SLCs) and ways to reduce risk exposure.

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Maximizing Returns and Managing Risks with Asset-Backed Securities

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  1. Chapter Nine Risk Management Using Asset-Backed Securities, Loan Sales, Credit Standbys, and Credit Derivatives

  2. Securitization of Loans The Pooling of a Group of Similar Loans and Issuing Securities Against the Pool Whose Return Depends on the Stream of Interest and Principal Payments Generated by the Loans

  3. Securitization Process • Originator – Bank or Lender Who Makes the Loan • Issuer – Special Purpose Entity That Issues the Securities • Credit Rating Agency – Rates the Securities • Security Underwriter or Investment Banker Helps Issue Securities • Trustee – Makes Sure Issuer Fulfills All Their Obligations • Servicer- Collects Payments on the Securitized Loans

  4. Advantages of Securitization • Diversifies a Bank’s Credit Risk Exposure • Creates Liquid Assets Out of Illiquid Assets • Transforms These Assets into New Sources of Capital • Allows the Bank to Hold a More Geographically Diverse Loan Portfolio • Allows the Bank to Better Manage Interest Rate Risk • Allows the Bank to Generate Fee Income

  5. Problems with Securitization • May Not Reduce a Bank’s Capital Requirements • Prepayment Risk • Not Available for All Banks • May Increase Competition for the Best Quality Loans • May Increase Competition for Deposits

  6. Promised Fees and Payments on Securitized Loans • Coupon Rate Promised to Investors Who Buy Securities • Default Rate on the Pooled Loans • Fees to Compensate for Servicing Loans • Fees Paid to Advise on Setting Up Securitization Process • Fees Paid for Providing Liquidity Enhancement • Residual Income For Security Seller, Trust or Credit Enhancer

  7. Types of Securitized Assets • Residential Mortgages • Home Equity Loans • Automobile Loans • Commercial Mortgages • Small Business Administration Loans • Mobile Home Loans • Credit Card Receivables • Truck Leases • Computer Leases

  8. Regulator Concerns About Securitization • Risk of Having to Come Up with Large Amounts of Liquidity Quickly to Make Payments To Investors Holding Securities • Risk of Agreeing to Serve as Underwriter for Securities that Cannot be Sold • Risk of Acting as Credit Enhancer and Underestimating Need for Loan Reserves • Risk that Unqualified Trustees Will Fail to Protect Investors • Risk of Loan Servicers Being Unable to Satisfactorily Monitor Loan Performance and Collect Monies Owed

  9. Loan Sales Selling Loan Contracts Held by an Institution in Order to Raise New Cash

  10. Types of Loan Sales • Participation Loans • Where an Outside Party Purchases a Loan. They Generally Have No Influence Over the Loan Terms • Assignments • Ownership of the Loan is Transferred to the Buyer of the Loan. The Buyer Has a Direct Claim Against the Borrower. • Loan Strip • Short-Dated Pieces of Longer Term Loans

  11. Reasons Behind Loan Sales • Way to Rid the Bank of Low Yield Securities • Way to Increase Liquidity of Assets • Way to Eliminate Credit and Interest Rate Risk • Way to Generate Fee Income • Purchasing Bank can Diversify Loan Portfolio and Reduce Risk

  12. Servicing Rights The Selling Bank Can Generate Fees for Agreeing to Keep Records, Collect Monies Owed and Help Enforce the Terms of a Group of Loan Contracts and Passing the Proceeds on to the Loan Buyers

  13. Risks In Loan Sales • Best Quality Loans are the Easiest to Sell Which May Increase Volatility of Earnings for the Bank Which Sells the Loans • Loan Purchased From Another Bank Can Turn Bad Just as Easily As One From Their Own Bank • Loan Sales are Cyclical

  14. Standby Letters of Credit (SLCs) • Financial Instrument that Guarantees Performance or Insures Against Default in Return for Payment of a Fee. It is a Contingent Obligation • Performance Guarantees – Guarantees a Project Will be Completed On Time • Default Guarantees – Financial Institution Pledges Repayment of Defaulted Notes When Borrowers Cannot Pay

  15. Advantages of SLCs • Letters of Credit Earn a Fee for Providing the Service • They Aid a Customer Who Can Borrow More Cheaply When There is a Guarantee • Such Guarantees Can be Issued at Relatively Low Cost • Probability is Usually Low that an Issuer of SLC Will Ever Be Called On to Pay

  16. Reasons for Growth of SLCs • Rapid Growth of Direct Financing Worldwide • Risk of Economic Fluctuations has led to Demand for Risk-Reducing Devices • Opportunity SLCs Offer Lenders to Use Their Credit Evaluation Skills to Earn Fee Income Without the Immediate Commitment of Funds • The Relatively Low Cost of Issuing SLCs

  17. Structure of SLCs Three Essential Elements: • Commitment From Issuer • An Account Party – For Whom the Letter is Issued • A Beneficiary – Investor Concerned About Funds Committed to Account Party

  18. Sources of Risk with SLCs • Default Risk of Issuing Bank • Beneficiary Must Meet All Conditions of Letter to Receive Payment • Bankruptcy Laws Can Cause Problems for SLCs • Issuer Faces Substantial Interest Rate and Liquidity Risks

  19. Ways to Reduce Risk Exposure of SLCs • Frequently Renegotiating the Terms of Any Loans Extended to Customers • Diversifying SLCs Issued by Region and Industry • Selling Participations in Standbys in Order to Share Risk

  20. Regulatory Concerns About SLCs • Bank Examiners are Working to Keep Risk Exposure Under Control Leading to New Regulatory Rules: • Banks Must Apply the Same Credit Standards to SLCs as for Loans • Banks Must Count SLCs as Loans When Assessing Risk Exposure to a Single Customer • Banks Must Post Capital Behind Most SLCs

  21. Credit Derivatives Financial Contracts Offering Protection to a Designated Beneficiary in Case of Loan Default

  22. Types of Credit Derivatives • Credit Swaps • Credit Options • Credit Default Swaps • Credit Linked Notes • Collateralized Debt Obligations

  23. Credit Swaps • Two Lenders Agree to Swap a Portion of Their Customer’s Loan Payments • Can Help Each Lender Further Spread Out Their Risk • Variation is a Total Return Swap Where the Dealer Guarantees Parties a Specific Rate of Return

  24. Credit Options • Guards Against Losses in Value of a Credit Asset or Helps Offset Higher Borrowing Costs Due to Changes in Credit Ratings of the Borrower

  25. Credit Default Swaps • Aimed at Lenders Able to Handle Comparatively Limited Declines in Value But Who Want Insurance Against Serious Losses

  26. Credit Linked Notes • Fuses Together a Normal Debt Instrument with a Credit Option Contract to Give Borrower Greater Payment Flexibility

  27. Collateralized Debt Obligations • Contain Pools of High-Yield Corporate Bonds, Stocks or Other Financial Instruments Contributed by Businesses Interested In Strengthening Their Balance Sheets and Raising New Funds. Notes of Varying Grades are Sold to Investors Seeing Income From Pooled Assets

  28. Risks of Credit Derivatives • Partners in Swap or Option Contract May Fail to Perform • Smaller Volume – Markets are Thinner and More Volatile • Legal Issues • Regulatory Concerns

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