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Section 9.1 Explain the structure of the Internet Define the role of regional networks

Section 9.1 Explain the structure of the Internet Define the role of regional networks Explain what an ISP does Section 9.2 Explain the Domain Name System Demonstrate how the DNS database system functions Identify the role of ICANN. Section 9.3 Explain how IP addressing is used

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Section 9.1 Explain the structure of the Internet Define the role of regional networks

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  1. Section 9.1 • Explain the structure of the Internet • Define the role of regional networks • Explain what an ISP does • Section 9.2 • Explain the Domain Name System • Demonstrate how the DNS database system functions • Identify the role of ICANN

  2. Section 9.3 • Explain how IP addressing is used • Define the five classes of IP addresses • Demonstrate how to use subnet masks • Section 9.4 • Explain the function of a Web browser • Describe different ways of searching for information • Identify several ways the Web is used as entertainment

  3. pp. 252-254 Structure of the Internet 9.1 Guide to Reading Main Ideas The Internet is a collection of smaller networks. Regional networks are connected by high-speed communications lines called the backbone. Internet Service Providers provide access to the regional networks to home and business users. Key Terms backbone regional network Network Access Point (NAP) Internet Service Provider (ISP)

  4. pp. 252-254 Structure of the Internet 9.1 The Backbone The Internet is an internetwork. The foundation of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed communications lines that interconnect many regional networks. backbone A high speed communications path that interconnects many regional networks. (p. 252)

  5. pp. 252-254 Structure of the Internet 9.1 The Backbone The Internet is the largest network of networks.

  6. pp. 252-254 Structure of the Internet 9.1 Regional and Other Networks Regional networks connect to a national backbone through one of many major locations known as Network Access Points (NAPs). Most NAPs are created and maintained by major telecommunications companies, such as MCI and AT&T. regional network A collection of small networks. For example, there are regional networks that serve the Northeast, Midwest, West, East, Southeast, Northwest, and Central California. (p. 253) Network Access Point (NAP) The major location at which regional networks connect to a national backbone to join the larger Internet. (p. 253)

  7. pp. 252-254 Structure of the Internet 9.1 Internet Service Providers To connect to the Internet, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is needed. An ISP is an agent that provides a pipeline to the Internet. Internet Service Provider (ISP) An online service provider. (p. 253)

  8. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 Guide to Reading Main Ideas Internet sites are categorized into domains according to organization type or geographic location. Domain names are resolved to IP addresses by DNS servers. ICANN is the organization responsible for assigning IP addresses. Key Terms DNS name server root server cache Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

  9. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 Domains In addition to its physical structure and organization, the Internet is built upon the concept of domains. The Internet classification is called the Domain Name System (DNS). DNS is used to uniquely identify sites based on a treelike hierarchy. This hierarchy includes a top-level domain, a second-level domain, and, often, one or more subdomains.

  10. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 Domains Top-level domains organize sites by geography or organization type.

  11. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 DNS Databases and IP Addresses DNS also refers to databases distributed among a number of DNS name servers. In reality, apple.com is just an easy name to remember. On the Internet, sites are identified by an Internet Protocol (IP) address. An IP address is a 32-bit number. It is divided into four 8-bit groups that look like the following: 192.168.1.100 DNS name servers A server that holds and looks through its DNS database to match domain names to IP addresses, then resolves the IP address. (p. 258)

  12. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 DNS Databases and IP Addresses The root servers (or servers) responsible for sites within the .com domain contain the information needed to locate the server for apple.com. That is all it does. The root server does not concern itself with any lower levels—subdomains—within apple.com. root server A DNS server that is responsible for tracking top-level domain names (.com, .org, .net, and so on). (p. 259)

  13. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 DNS Databases and IP Addresses Requests are passed up the chain of DNS servers until an address is resolved or is not found.

  14. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 ICANN The responsibility for registering domain names is handled by a the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) A nonprofit organization that registers domain names, preserves the operational stability of the Internet, and oversees the Internet’s root server system. (p. 261)

  15. pp. 256-261 Internet and Web Communities 9.2 You Try It • Activity 9A – Finding Domain Registration Information (p. 258) • Activity 9B – Displaying the DNS Cache (p. 260)

  16. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 Guide to Reading Main Ideas IP addresses are used to uniquely identify computers on the network. Subnet masks are used in conjunction with IP addresses to identify the network ID and the host ID. Network functions aid in working with IP addresses. Key Terms address space loopback address subnet mask Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS)

  17. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 IP Addressing • When a domain is registered, an IP address, or block of IP addresses, is assigned to that domain. • This address identifies two things: • the network • a host (computer) on that network • A system of IP address classes is used to keep one network separate from other networks.

  18. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 IP Addressing A range of assignable IP addresses is called the address space. However, not all these addresses are available for assignment, as some are reserved for special use. The address 127.0.0.1 is a special reserved address, called a loopback address. address space A range of assignable IP addresses technically runs from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. (p. 263) loopback address A special reserved IP address used to test whether a computer’s network capabilities are functioning. (p. 263)

  19. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 IP Addressing The assignable address space is divided into five classes and is identified by the binary form of the IP address.

  20. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 IP Addressing For an IP address to be valid, it must use a combination of an IP address, along with a subnet mask. You can use an easy formula to calculate the number of subnets a given number of subnet bits will create. 2n = number of subnetworks The n represents the number of bits used as the subnet ID. subnet mask A mask used in conjunction with IP addresses to determine the portion of the IP address that identifies the network and the portion that identifies the host. Identifies the first 24 bits as the network address, with the remaining 8 bits identifying the host. (p. 263)

  21. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 IP Addressing Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest generation of the IP protocol. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which works out to 4 billion times 4 billion times 4 billion times the current number (4 billion) of IP addresses. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) The latest generation of the IP protocol; also called Next Generation IP, or Ipng. (p. 265)

  22. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 Working With TCP/IP Addresses • Many important services are involved for IP packets to get transmitted between Internet-networked computers. • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) A protocol used to determine the hardware address (MAC address) that corresponds to an IP address. (p. 265) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) A protocol used to look up the IP address when the hardware, or MAC address, is known. (p. 265)

  23. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 Working With TCP/IP Addresses • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) • Gateways Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) A protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses within a network. (p. 266) Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) A service used to match computer names to IP addresses in a Windows network. (p. 266)

  24. pp. 262-267 Internet Connections & Addressing 9.3 You Try It • Activity 9C – Configuring DHCP, WINS, and Gateway (pg. 266)

  25. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 Guide to Reading Main Ideas Web browsers display pages written in HTML format. Search engines index and categorize sites on the Web to make information easy to find. Services like FTP, NNTP, and Telnet add capabilities such as file transfer and remote control of computers. The Web provides a variety of entertainment options. Key Terms Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) search engine Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) newsgroups Usenet Telnet online gaming multiuser dungeon (MUD) instant messaging (IM)

  26. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 Web Browser A Web browser is a software application that is used to view Internet documents written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Popular browser software includes Microsoft Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari. Other popular browsers can be downloaded for free, including Netscape Navigator, Opera, and Mozilla. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) The language used to define the structure and layout of a Web page. HTML acts as a set of instructions that tells browser’s software how and where to place the page’s content. (p. 269)

  27. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 Search Engines and Services A search engine uses a spider, or robot, to “crawl” the Web on a regular basis. As it does this, it creates an index of every page it can find. Based on a complex set of criteria, pages can be ranked. search engine A sight that uses automated software to index the Web. (p. 271)

  28. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 FTP Although search engines and the Web make finding information a snap, there are also other ways to find and retrieve information. One of the most widely used is the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP functionality is built into today’s Web browsers, making other software largely unnecessary. All you have to do is point your browser to an FTP site, log on, and start copying files.

  29. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 E-mail One of the most popular uses of the Internet is e-mail. This global message service enables families, friends, business associates, and even complete strangers to communicate with one another. E-mail addresses are used to identify the “mailbox” of the person.

  30. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 News • News on the Internet has two different meanings. • News broadcasts • News is handled on the Internet by services based on the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP). • NNTP is a protocol that is used to distribute collections of articles called newsfeeds to a bewildering array of Interest-based newsgroups. Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) A standard that is used to distribute collections of articles called newsfeeds. (p. 273) newsgroup A group of individuals on the Internet with a common interest in a particular subject or set of related subjects. Newsgroups receive and post articles and discussions. (p. 273)

  31. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 News Usenet is one of the most well-known news services that implements NNTP. When more than one user responds to a message, the original topic is called a thread. Usenet An electronic bulletin board where users can post messages 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. (p. 273)

  32. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 Telnet Telnet is like remote control for computers. As long as the connecting computer has terminal emulation capabilities, it can use the resources and programs installed on the remote machine. Telnet A TCP/IP protocol that runs on the Application Layer and allows a computer to log on to a remote computer and pretend it is attached directly to the host.(p. 273)

  33. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 Online Gaming, MUDs, Chats, and Instant Messaging • And, finally, what about some of the really fun things people get involved in on the Internet? • Online gaming • Multiuser dungeons (MUDs) • Chats • Instant messaging online gaming Games available on the Internet that pit players from around the world against one another in real-time. (p. 274) multiuser dungeon (MUD) A type of game available on the Internet that is an outgrowth of the popular dungeons and dragons type of interactive, multiplayer role playing games (RPGs). (p. 274) instant messaging (IM) A type of e-mail process service that enables two (or more) people to establish a private communications channel, similar to calling someone on the phone. (p. 274)

  34. pp. 269-274 Internet and Web Services 9.4 You Try It • Activity 9D – Searching By Category (p. 270) • Activity 9E – Narrowing a Web Search (p. 271)

  35. Chapter 9 Resources For more resources on this chapter, go to the Introduction to Networks and Networking Web site at http://networking.glencoe.com.

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