UNIT I LECTURE Covers Chapter’s 1, 2 & 3

1. UNITI LECTURECovers Chapter’s 1, 2 & 3

2. Chapter 1 • Introduction and Research Methods

3. What is Psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes Behavior—observable actions of a person or animal Mind—thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences Science—an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods

4. Philosophical Developments • A Question: How are mind and body related? BIG • René Descartes (1596–1650)—Interactive dualism • The mind and body interact to produce conscious experience

5. Philosophical Developments BIG • Another Question: Nature vs. Nurture • Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences? • What are the interactions between genetics and environment? • What effect does it have on behavior? • Nature v. Nurture video

6. Perspectives • Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena • Psychology has multiple perspectives • Biological-study of brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior. • Psychodynamic-psychoanalytic approach, Sigmund Freud. Drives and urges in the unconscious influence behavior. Early childhood influences shape unconscious. • Behavioral-classical and operant conditioning. Behavior is based on learning and experience. Pavlov and Skinner. • Humanistic- behavior reflects innate ‘actualization’, developed by Maslow and Rogers. Focus on conscious forces and self perception.

7. Perspectives (continued) • Cognitive- How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior. • Piaget-studied intellectual development • Chomsky-studied language • Cybernetics-science of information processing • Cross-Cultural- study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups. How are people’s thoughts, feelings & behavior influenced by culture. Are these innate? • Evolutionary-application of the process of evolution to explain behavior. Influenced by Darwin, emphasis on innate and adaptive behavior.

8. Goals of Psychology • Describe • Explain • Predict • Control behavior and mental processes The scientific method

9. Scientific Method • Formulate testable questions • Develop hypotheses • Design study to collect data • Experimental • Descriptive • Analyze data to arrive at conclusions • Use of statistical procedures • Use of meta-analysis • Report results • Publication • Replication

10. Research Strategies • Descriptive—strategies for observing and describing behavior • Naturalistic observation • Case studies • Surveys • Correlational methods • Experimental—strategies for inferring cause and effect relationships among variables

11. Definitions • Hypothesis—tentative statement about the relationship between variables • Variables—factors that can vary in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified (independent versus dependent) • Operational definition —precise description of how the variables will be measured

12. Samples and Sampling • Population—large (potentially infinite) group represented by the sample. Findings are generalized to this group. • Sample—selected segment of the population • Representative sample —closely parallels the population on relevant characteristics • Random selection —every member of larger group has equal change of being selected for the study sample

13. Coefficient of Correlation Numerical indication of magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables • Positive correlation—two variables vary systematically in the SAME direction • Negative correlation—two variables vary systematically in OPPOSITE directions

14. Experimental Variables • Independent variable (IV) • the controlled factor in an experiment (i.e. the one you manipulate) • hypothesized to cause an effect on another variable • Dependent variable (DV) • the measured facts • hypothesized to be influenced by IV

15. Evaluating Media Reports • Be skeptical of sensationalist claims • Goal of “shock” media is ratings • Look for original sources • Separate opinion from data • Correlation is not causality • Skepticism is the rule in science.

16. Chapter 2Neuroscience and Behavior Neuron Structure and Transmission

17. Neurons and Synapses Types of Neurons Sensory Motor Interneurons

18. Sensory Neurons • INPUT Fromsensory organs to the brain and spinal cord Brain Drawing shows a somatic neuron Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord

19. Brain Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Motor Neurons • OUTPUTFrom the brain and spinal cord, to the muscles and glands

20. Brain Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Interneurons • Interneurons carry information between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal cord

21. How Neurons Communicate • Neurons communicate by means of an electrical signal called the Action Potential • Action Potentials are based on movements of ions between the outside and inside of the cell • When an Action Potential occurs, a molecular message is sent to neighboring neurons

22. Neuron to Neuron • Axons branch out and end near dendrites of neighboring cells • Axon terminals are the tips of the axon’s branches • A gap separates the axon terminals from dendrites • Gap is the Synapse

23. Types of Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Norepinephrine • GABA • Endorphins

24. Disruption of Acetylcholine Functioning • Curare—blocks ACh receptors • paralysis results • Nerve gases and Black Widow spider venom; too much ACh leads to severe muscle spasms and possible death • Cigarettes—nicotine works on ACh receptors • Loss of Ach linked to Alzheimer’s

25. Dopamine • Involved in movement, attention and learning • Dopamine imbalance also involved in schizophrenia • Loss of dopamine-producing neurons is cause of Parkinson’s disease • Linked to Parkinson’s Disease

26. Serotonin • Involved in sleep • Involved in depression • Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect

27. Norepinephrine • Arousal • “Fight or flight” response

28. Endorphins • Control pain and pleasure • Released in response to pain • Morphine and codeine work on endorphin receptors; involved in healing effects of acupuncture • Runner’s high— feeling of pleasure after a long run is due to heavy endorphin release

29. GABA • Inhibition of brain activity • Huntington’s disease involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA • Symptoms: • jerky involuntary movements • mental deterioration

30. Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

32. Chapter 3Sensation and Perception

33. Neuroscience for Kidshttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html Colors The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop. Here is your job: Name the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the words. For example, if the word "BLUE" is printed in a red color, you should say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. TEST

34. The Major Senses • There are 6 major senses • vision • hearing • touch • taste • pain • smell • Vision has been studied most extensively

35. Vision Purpose of the visual system • transform light energy into an electro-chemical neural response • represent characteristics of objects in our environment such as size, color, shape, and location • The Stroop Test

36. Light: The Visual Stimulus

37. Distribution of Rods and Cones • Cones—concentrated in center of eye (fovea) • approx. 6 million • Rods—concentrated in periphery • approx. 120 million • Blind spot—region with no rods or cones

38. Differences Between Rods and Cones • Cones • allow us to see in bright light • allow us to see fine spatial detail • allow us to see different colors • Rods • allow us to see in dim light • can not see fine spatial detail • can not see different colors

39. Rods Cones

40. Color Vision • Our visual system interprets differences in the wavelength of light as color • Rods are color blind, but with the cones we can see different colors • This difference occurs because we have only one type of rod but three types of cones • Question: Why do you think you can’t fly a plane if you are color blind? VASI lights! • Red over white-all right • White over white-your out of sight • Red over red-your ________?

41. Properties of Color • Hue—property of wavelengths of light known as color; different wavelengths correspond to our subjective experience of color (hue) • Saturation—property of color that corresponds to the purity of the light wave • Brightness—perceived intensity of a color, corresponds to amplitude of the light wave.

43. Hearing: Sound Waves • Auditory perception occurs when sound waves interact with the structures of the ear • Sound Wave—changes over time in the pressure of an elastic medium (for example, air or water) • Without air (or another elastic medium) there can be no sound waves, and thus no sound • Question: Can you hear someone yell in outer-space?

44. Intensity of Various Sounds P (in sound- pressure units) Example Log P Decibels Softest detectable sound Soft whisper Quiet neighborhood Average conversation Loud music from a radio Heavy automobile traffic Very loud thunder Jet airplane taking off Loudest rock band on record Spacecraft launch 9 from 150 ft. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

45. Major Structures of the Ear • Outer Ear—acts as a funnel to direct sound waves towards inner structures • Middle Ear—consists of three small bones (or ossicles) that amplify the sound • Inner Ear—contains the structures that actually transduce sound into neural response

46. Chemical and Body Senses • Olfaction (smell) • Gustation (taste) • Touch and temperature • Pain • Kinesthetic (location of body) • Vestibular (balance) • Question: Have you ever had someone start to give you a pleasurable back or neck rub but then it became to rough and it started to be painful? • Question: Have you ever encountered motion sickness? What is vertigo?

47. Taste • Sweet • Sour • Salty • Bitter • Umami

48. Skin and Body Senses • Pressure—Pacinian corpuscles • Itch—response to histamine • Temperature—receptors reactive to cold or warm, simultaneous stimulation produces sensation of hot • Pain—free nerve endings are receptors • What is the most extreme pain you have endured?

49. Perception The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

50. Figure and Ground Gestalt Psychologists also thought that an important part of our perception was the organization of a scene in to its: Figure—the object of interest Ground —the background