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Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group

Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey:. A Southern Ocean Monitoring System. Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group. Invasion of Mnemiopsis. 1980’s. Late 1980’s. 1998. 1999. 1976/77 1998/99. 1972 & 1998. 1989/90. Major Regime Shifts. Climatic regime shift

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Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group

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  1. Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey: A Southern Ocean Monitoring System Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group

  2. Invasion of Mnemiopsis 1980’s Late 1980’s 1998 1999 1976/77 1998/99 1972 & 1998 1989/90 Major Regime Shifts • Climatic regime shift • Marine ecosystem regime shift • Andrew Bakun 1996

  3. Antarctic region perhaps more sensitive and vulnerable change • Global warming – in favour of temperature tolerant species • Sea ice reduction – decline in sea ice biota • Increase in CO2 – calcite and aragonite desaturation • Increased UV exposure • Harvesting Impact – imbalance in species composition • Invasive species

  4. SO-CPR Survey: Purpose • Map the biodiversity and distribution of zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the Southern Ocean. • Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton patterns. • Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs • eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP CCAMLR – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

  5. SO-CPR Survey: Collaboration • Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991 • Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999 • TUMSAT - 2003 • Germany (AWI) – 2004 • New Zealand (NIWA) -2006 • Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS) • Test tows in 2005-06 • New LSSSG Action Group 2006

  6. Water & Plankton Water Exit Water and plankton enter through small aperture into thecollecting tunnel How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Collecting Silk 270µm

  7. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it passesacross the tunnel

  8. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm The collecting silk is then covered by another silk beforerolling into the Preservation Tank

  9. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm The mechanism is driven by water passing over the propeller

  10. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth, 100 m directly behind ship Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm for every 1 nautical mile

  11. 5m = ~450 nmile tow 5 cm = ~ 5 n miles

  12. CPR Data Base Zooplankton Data Spp composition & abundance per 5 n mile Splicing program GIS Database Underway Data GPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer, Light per 1 minute

  13. Common set for all vessels Environmental data collected during CPR tows Sea-water temperature Salinity/conductivity Fluorometry Light - Photosynthetically Active Radiation Solar Radiation UV, UVB Wind Speed & Direction Barometric pressure Optical Plankton Counter Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khz Satellite data - SeaWiFS

  14. Database description • >14,000 records in data base – April 2004 • >16,500 records by August 2006 –April 2005 • + ~3,700 samples collected 2005-06 • Records are 5 nautical miles segments • >200 zooplankton taxa + euphausiid developmental stages • Geocoded and time-stamped • Environmental data averaged over the length of the record

  15. Access to data • Use of the data is encouraged • Submit request to administrators - socpr@aad.gov.au • use of the data • method of analysis • likely output of results • Partial of full data set supplied • Avoid conflict/duplication of analysis • Student involvement • Opportunity to enhance analysis • Website established • http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm • Link from SCAR

  16. The Survey covers>70 % of the Southern Ocean October to April > 100,000 nauticalmiles of data havebeen collected since 1991 Approximately40-50 tows each year >3,000 samples p.a. 5 n-mile resolution This represents morethan 20,000 samples, 200+ taxa +environmental data

  17. Current projected Continuous Plankton Recorder tracks for CAML Australia Japan Japan Japan New Zealand Germany Korea 20,000+ n miles 4,000 plankton samples At 5 n mile resolution UK, Brasil

  18. Summary of Tows *Estimated

  19. STF SAF Polar Frontal Zone PF Antarctic Zone SACCF Bdy Sea-ice Zone 40ºS Hobart Lower abundance - different species 50ºS Cyclopoid copepods Small calanoid copepods Small euphausiids Forams Appendicularians Higher diversity, very high abundances 60ºS Lower diversity, very low abundances Casey Mawson Davis 70ºS 80ºE 90ºE 70ºE 60ºE 110ºE 140ºE 150ºE 100ºE 120ºE 130ºE 160ºE STF – Sub-Tropical Front, SAF – Sub-Antarctic Front, PF – Polar Front, SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, Bdy – southern boundary of ACC

  20. Oikopleura spp

  21. Euphausia superba

  22. Total Abundance

  23. Sea Ice Zone January 1998 Temperature 1000 12.00 900 10.00 800 8.00 700 600 6.00 Zooplankton per segment Temperature 500 4.00 400 300 2.00 200 0.00 100 0 -2.00 1 14 27 40 53 79 66 92 131 144 157 170 183 196 222 248 274 300 313 391 443 456 209 235 261 287 404 417 430 326 339 352 365 105 118 378 Segment 66 55S 64 44E 49 21S 130 39E 54 S 60 S 66 S 50 S 52 S 56 S 58 S 62 S 64 S Mawson Hobart

  24. Southern ecotone 40ºS Hobart 50ºS 60ºS SACCF Casey Mawson Davis 70ºS 80ºE 90ºE 70ºE 60ºE 110ºE 140ºE 150ºE 100ºE 120ºE 130ºE 160ºE SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front

  25. Cluster 5 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 6 Cluster 1 Cluster 3 9 unique species 1unique species 3 unique species Dumont d’Urville Hobart

  26. POOZ- Inter-annual variation speciescomposition January samples • Cluster groups identified but high degree of similarity between groups 61-84% • Little variation in species composition between years • Increase in dissimilarity would be indicative of major change

  27. SIZ - Inter-annual variation species composition • Two distinct groups with very low similarity - 10% • Group 1 – low abundances, low diversity, T. macrura and E. superba dominant (SIZ species) • Group 2 – higher abundance & diversity, Oithona, small calanoids, forams, appendicularians dominant (POOZ group) 1 2 January samples

  28. Conclusions • Permanent Open Ocean Zone • Less variation in species composition - stable • Much higher abundances and diversity • Any change indicative of potential major change in the ecosystem • Sea-Ice Zone • Greater variation • More sensitive to change – Hunt & Hosie (in press) DSR I • Very low species abundance and diversity – increased noise • Change occurred around 2000 • Oscillating patterns vs long-term regime shifts

  29. Future Monitoring • CPR can readily distinguish • Regional • Seasonal • Annual variation in plankton patterns, and eventually • Long term patterns • The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide early detection of any change in the Southern Ocean ecosystems • Distinguish natural patterns from environmental/climatic forcing perturbation

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