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Chapter 10 BIODIVERSITY

Chapter 10 BIODIVERSITY. What is biodiversity?. Bio = Diversity = V a r i e t y BIODIVERSITY is short for… BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY . Life. Some areas contain an extraordinary variety of species (more biodiversity)… Tropical rain forests Islands Coral reefs Coastal areas.

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Chapter 10 BIODIVERSITY

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  1. Chapter 10 BIODIVERSITY

  2. What is biodiversity? Bio = Diversity = Variety BIODIVERSITY is short for… BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Life

  3. Some areas contain an extraordinary variety of species (more biodiversity)… • Tropical rain forests • Islands • Coral reefs • Coastal areas aerial view of Fiji Islands and coral reefs

  4. 1.6 million – “known” species on Earth most of which are INSECTS

  5. What determines whether a species is “known”? when it is collected and described scientifically (given a scientific name)

  6. Where do unknown species exist? • remote wildernesses • deep in the oceans – hydrothermal vents • cities…

  7. One-of-a-Kind Find… Patch-nosed Salamander • 2007 - Bill Peterman found a small salamander • 2” in length • found in Stephens County, Georgia • smallest salamander species ever found in US • 2009 - identified as a new species

  8. Levels of Biodiversity • Species Diversity • Ecosystem Diversity • Genetic Diversity

  9. Species Diversity refers to….the number of different species in an area Velvet Worm Bromeliad Indian Spectacled Monkey

  10. Ecosystem Diversity refers to… the variety of habitats and communities and within ecosystems Namib Desert, Africa Coral Reef, Tropical Ocean

  11. Genetic Diversity refers to…. all the genes contained within the members of a population Gene - a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait The greater the genetic diversity the healthier the species !!!

  12. The word BIODIVERSITY most often refers to…. Species Biodiversity

  13. Benefits of Biodiversity Biodiveristy can affect….. 1. the stability of ecosystems 2. the sustainability of populations

  14. Keystone Species…. species that are so important to the functioning of an ecosystem that if they disappear the ecosystem changes dramatically

  15. California Sea Otter • In 1800’s - hunted for their fur • By 1900’s - population was decimated and close to extinction • with the near extinction of the sea otter, sea urchins multiplied and ate the kelp, altering the ecosystem and affecting many species of fish and invertebrates

  16. Small, Isolated Populations are Less Likely to Survive Environmental Changes Island Nation of Tuvalu – chain of small islands in South Pacific • Average height above sea level - 6 feet • Highest point above sea level - 15 feet Global Warming is threatening …… • 1 native species of endodontid snail • 4 native species of charopid snail • 1 native species of reptile

  17. Genetic Diversity within a population is critical to species survival ….

  18. Genetic Diversity - Florida Panther 1970’s – estimated 20 panthers 2011 – estimated 100-160 panthers these 100-160 panthers have limited genetic diversity – having come from an original group of 20 FLORIDA PANTHER http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qznv5I21MSA

  19. Genetic Diversity - Amur Leopard • classified as CRITICALLY ENDANGERED • amongst the rarest animals in the world – native to Russia • only 30 to 40 individuals surviving • this species may already be doomed - despite any conservation efforts AMUR LEOPARD - http://www.arkive.org/amur-leopard/panthera-pardus-orientalis/video-or00.html

  20. Genetic Diversity – Cheetah Cheetah… • Early 1900’s - estimated 100,000 in Africa + Asia • Today – estimated 7,600 in Africa + Asia Reasons for the decline … • habitat loss • loss of prey • competition with other predators • conflict with man • does not do well in parks or in captive breeding CHEETAH - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz1rGmY2c_s

  21. Cheetah’s Range

  22. BIODIVERSITY …. • medicine, food, clothing, building + industrial materials … • purifies water, recycles nutrients, makes the soil fertile… • camping, pets, photography, wildlife, ecotourism

  23. Foods from the….

  24. Hybrids • most new crop varieties are hybrids…. developed by combining genetic material from more than one population • Grapefruit • Mandarin orange • Tangelo • Loganberry • Rutabaga

  25. Ecotourism • A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas Cruise Ship in Antarctica

  26. Section 2 – Biodiversity at Risk EXTINCTION…. when all members of a species die MASS EXTINCTION…. the extinction of many species in a relatively short period of time Some scientists warn that we are in the midst of another mass extinction.

  27. Some scientists estimate that as many as 20,000 extinctions are occurring each year. The rate of extinction has increased by a multiple of 50 since the 1800s. It is believed that between 1800 and 2100 (300 years) 25% of all species on Earth may become extinct. Dodo Bird – extinct 1690’s

  28. Why did the Dodo become extinct? it was flightless, had no fear of man, and was hunted for food

  29. How will the current mass extinction be different from those in the past? HUMANS are the primary cause Cockroaches and rats are not likely to become extinct. Why? Species with small populations in limited areas can easily become extinct. Why? Ivory Billed Woodpecker extinct 1960’s

  30. Other factors that put species at risk…. • species that migrate • species that need large habitats • species that need special habitats • species that are exploited by humans

  31. Endangered species - is likely to become extinct if protective measures are not taken immediately Threatened species – has a declining population and is likely to become endangered if it is not protected In 1967 - the Bald Eagle placed on Endangered Species List In 2007 - removed from the list because populations recovered sufficiently

  32. How do humans cause extinctions? • habitat destruction… • habitat fragmentation…. • habitat degradation…. • invasive/exotic species…. • harvesting, hunting and poaching…. • pollution….

  33. What are the causes of species loss (extinction)… • Habitat Loss • Exotic Species • Exotic Pet Trade • Poaching • Pollution • Global Climate Change • Population Growth • Over Consumption

  34. Habitat loss…including… Habitat Destruction – to demolish or destroy Habitat Fragmentation – to break into pieces Habitat Degradation– to deteriorate

  35. Exotic Species…. species that are not native/endemic to an area EXOTICS threaten native species..… • by competing with them • native species have no natural defenses against the exotics also known as….. alien, foreign, invasive, introduced species

  36. Exotic Pet Trade … trade involving any animal that is not native to an area the state of Florida is experiencing problems with many exotics – Iguanas, Burmese Pythons, Ferrel Hogs, Monitor Lizards and Gambian Pouch Rats

  37. Why are species harvested and sold? • pets – python, parakeets, lizards,…. • houseplants – orchid, bromeliad, pothos,… • wood/building materials – teak, bamboo, cedar,… • food – shark fin soup, mangoes, coconut,… • herbal medicine – rhino horn, bear gall bladder,….

  38. Poaching … the unlawful hunting, fishing, harvesting or trade of wildlife Rhino are killed for their horn which is used in traditional Chinese medicine and in handles in expensive daggers Black Rhino

  39. Pollution… any contamination of air, water or soil What types of pollution are making their way into food webs? pesticides, cleaning agents, drugs, other chemicals How do these get into the environment?

  40. POLLUTION …. was responsible for the decline of the Bald Eagle The pesticide DDT was widely used in the US in the 1940’s - 60’s. DDT got into the food chain. It affected the eggs - making the shells thin and weak. Often the eggs cracked before the young were born.

  41. Additional Threats to Biodiversity Global Climate Change… What is it? How would this impact species?

  42. Population Growth…. an increase in the number of individuals in an area currently 7 billion humans increasing…. at a rate of about 222,000 people/day

  43. Over Consumption… the increasing consumption of natural resources A prolonged pattern of overconsumption leads to ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION.

  44. Over Consumption… the increasing consumption of natural resources How many cell phones have you owned? Why did you replace the last one? Did you NEED a new cell phone?

  45. Over Consumption…. DEVELOPED NATIONS…. • approximately 24 % of the world’s population • consume about 75% of the world’s resources • affluent, industrialized nations consume a disproportionate amount of the Earth’s natural resources

  46. the HIPPO dilemma(The 5 Main Threats To Biodiversity) H - habitat loss I - introduced species P - population growth P – pollution O - over-consumption

  47. New Guinea Birds of Paradise 39 species ENDEMIC SPECIES – species that are native to and found only within a limited area

  48. Area Critical Biodiversity – 1. Tropical Rainforests • cover less than 7% of the Earth’s land surface • contain over 50% of the world’s species Why are species disappearing? land is cleared for farming, cattle, roads… …

  49. Area Critical Biodiversity – 2. Coral Reefs • Functions of coral reefs – food, tourism, protect coasts from waves, source of chemicals • nearly 60% of coral reefs are threatened by human activities – overfishing and pollution

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