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Acids and Bases Notes

Acids and Bases Notes. Spring 2011. What is an acid or base?. A solution! Acid Solute: hydrogen ions (H + ) Base Solute: hydroxide ions ( - OH) Solvent: water. The pH scale . used to measure hydrogen ions (H + ) pH = “power of hydrogen” Litmus Test: pH < 7 is an ACID

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Acids and Bases Notes

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  1. Acids and Bases Notes Spring 2011

  2. What is an acid or base? • A solution! • Acid Solute: hydrogen ions (H+) • Base Solute: hydroxide ions (-OH) • Solvent: water

  3. The pH scale • used to measure hydrogen ions (H+) • pH = “power of hydrogen” • Litmus Test: • pH < 7 is an ACID • 7 is NEUTRAL (6.5 - 7.5) • pH > 7 is a BASE LITMUS PAPER

  4. Properties of acids • Have hydrogen ions (H+) • Have a sour or tangy taste • Acids are electrolytes: they have dissolved ions that conduct electricity • Turn litmus paper red • Ex: fruits, coffee, vinegar

  5. Properties of Bases • Have hydroxide (OH-) ions • Have a bitter taste • Are electrolytes • Turn litmus paper blue • Ex: shampoo, detergent, antacids

  6. Strong vs. Weak • A strong solution is (lots of solute) is close to the edge of the pH scale • Strong = more dangerous • Strong Acids = pH 0 - 1 • Strong Bases = pH 13 - 14

  7. Indicators • Dyes that turns colors based on pH • weak acids or weak bases • Universal indicator is a mix of several

  8. Litmus Paper • Red = acid • Blue = base

  9. Phenolphthalein • Clear in acids • Pink > pH 8

  10. Universal Indicator • A mix of several indicators • Changes color at each pH

  11. Common Indicators

  12. ACID The pH scale • measure hydrogen ion (H+) content • pH = “power of hydrogen” • range from 0 to 14 • 0 = very acidic • 14 = very basic BASE

  13. ACID 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 The pOH scale • Power of –OH (hydroxide) • How basic something is depends on hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration • OPPOSITE OF pH! • 0 = very basic • 14 = very acidic BASE

  14. pH and pOH • equation for switching between pH and pOH scales: pH + pOH = 14

  15. Formulas pH= -log [H+] 10(-pH) = [H+] pOH= -log [OH-] 10(-pOH) = [OH-]

  16. What is neutralization? • double-replacement reaction between an acid and a base • products are water and a salt • Salts are ionic compounds: • cation from a base • anion from an acid

  17. General Equation: Acid + Base  Salt + H2O -or- HX + QOH QX + HOH acid base salt water

  18. Titration • Neutralization is done by titration • drop-by-drop mixing of acid and base until the solution is neutral (pH = 7)

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