Food production X Conservation X Climatic change

1. 2nd World Congress of Agroforestry, 2009Nairobi, Kenya Agroforestry coffee systems provide adaptation to climate changewhile conserving ecosystem servicesHelton Nonato1, Irene Cardoso2, Flávia Garcia2, Lijbert Brussaard1, Mirjam Pulleman1, Ron de Goede1, Alisson Francisco Xavier2, Elpídio Fernandes-Filho11 Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2 Federal University of Viçosa, MG, Brazil,

2. Introduction and problem description Food production X Conservation X Climatic change FAO (2008); IPCC(2004); Cincotta et al. (2000); Tallis et al. (2008)

3. Brazilian coffee production 2008 Introduction and problem description Coffee requirements: - Temperature: 18 – 22 oC - Altitude: 400 - 1400 - Biennial pattern - Management intensive - Good soil fertility Lin (2007); Sediyama et al. (2001); Alegre (1959)

4. Current + 3 oC Loss: 69 % of area 3 decades later Coffee production in MG and the future scenario Assad et al. (2004), IPCC (2004); Thomas et al. (2004)

5. Original rainforest Remaining rainforest Introduction and problem description SOS Mata Atlântica/INPE (2008); Ribeiro et al. (2009)

6. > 83 % fragments < 50 ha > 60 % are at > 1000 m altitude

7. Rainforest fragments • X • Coffee plantation • Fight for the same location!

8. 13 years later: 2006 First step: 1993 • 39 familiar experiments • 7 municipalities • > 600 families involved • 20 municipalities Study site Agroforestry experimentation for soil quality improvement

9. Objective • To assess and the capacity of agroforestry coffee management as compared to full-sun coffee to provide: • Climate change adaptation • Biodiversity conservation • Ecosystem services • To document the regional impact of AF on CC, BC, ES based on scientific data

10. Approach • Existing data • Indicators • - Soil • - Biodiversity • - Environmental data • Models already existing • GIS • Results were averaged • across farms Native forest Agroforestry Sun-coffee

11. oC Results Climate Change Adaptation Temperature in coffee systems

12. Deficiency Excess Results Climate Change Adaptation Sequential Hydric balance * JAN FEV MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC F (soil texture, crop type, solar radiation, altitude, evapotranspiration, rainfall and temperature) * Rolim, Sentelhas (1998); Thornthwaite, Mather (1995)

13. Leguminosae Results Biodiversity conservation 73 species 70 % native 62 genera 90 % native

14. Site Tree richness % similarity with forest AF1 34 19 AF2 26 9 AF3 21 14 AF4 47 15 AF5 32 21 AF6 30 10 AF7 26 10 AF8 47 7 33 Average 13 range (21 - 47) (7 - 21) * average species richness of forest fragments = 62 (range 54 - 68) Results Biodiversity conservation Richness and similarity in tree species composition in relation to neighboring forest fragments

15. Results Biodiversity conservation

16. Soil organic carbon (g.kg-1) Depth (cm) Results Carbon Sequestration

17. Results Ecosystem services Soil erosion control 2612 Kg soil.ha.year-1 217 Agroforestry Full-sun coffee Franco et al. (2002)

18. Results Ecosystem services Profitability Indicators(per ha) Conventional Agroforestry • Coffee density (# plants) 2,650 2,050 • Productivity (kg) 2,094 1,271 • Costs (R$) 2,300 750 • Net income (R$) 1,887 1,792 • Cost/benefit (ratio) 0.50.3 Extra products agroforestry (R$) • Papaya - 112 • Banana - 200 • Citrus - 110 • Mango, avocado, guava, jack trees - 135 • Palm trees, ficus fruit, prune trees - 144 • Sub-total 0 701 Total income (R$*/ha) 1,887 2,493 * Brazilian real (0.39 Euro)

19. Discussion and conclusions • Local experiences have clear benefit for the future of coffee management and production in complex areas • Challenge: involvement of local institutions. • Coffee agroforestry systems in ZM provide highlights to promote/to encourage agricultural diversification. • Challenge: interdisciplinary integration and long term research, monitoring. • Future challenge: adaptation and scaling up

20. Thank you for your attention. helton.desouza@wur.nl Pictures#:CTA/ZM, Helton Nonato, Irene M. Cardoso, Cyro José, Projeto Doces Matas