Project ETIV – EMAS TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION Prepared by :

1. Project ETIV – EMAS TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATIONPrepared by:

2. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

3. A BACKGROUND IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 1) Environmental Issues of Today 2) Environmental Science & Management

4. 1. Environmental Issues of Today Content 1.1. THE SETTING 1.2. THE ECOLOGICAL CHALLENGE 1.3. THE GLOBAL CLIMATE 1.4. TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY 1.5. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1.6. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

5. 2. Environmental Science & Management (1) Content 2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS & THEORY 2.2. GAIA HYPOTHESIS 2.3. ENTROPY AND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 2.4. THE USE OF ENERGY 2.5. MATERIAL FLOW & LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS 2.6. ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS & BIODIVERSITY

6. 2. Environmental Science & Management (2) Content 2.7. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY – THE CYCLING OF NUTRIENTS IN THE BIOSPHERE 2.8. ENERGY, ELEMENTS & CYCLES 2.9. SUMMARY

7. A BACKGROUND IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 1) Environmental Issues of Today

8. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Setting (1) • The role of the environment as a global resource and support system • Environmental, political and social change • Globalisation (economic, cultural) • Development of environmental awareness

9. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Setting (2) • Imbalance of wealth • Unequal natural resources distribution • Scarcity of resources • Changes in social and cultural patterns • Hedonism & consumerism - Quality of life - ‘life styles’

10. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Setting (3) • Ethical values • Equilibrium and the need for sustainable development strategies • The Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro 1992) • The Precautionary Principle

11. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Ecological Challenge (1) • Human population growth • Carrying capacity

12. World Population Growth

13. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Ecological Challenge (2) • The development of the science of ecology • Ecosystem context • ‘Environmentalists’

14. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Ecological Challenge (3) • Companies and firms as intermediaries of resource consumption • Primary industries (e.g. mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing) • Manufacturing industries (e.g. provisions, equipment) • Service industries (e.g. telecommunications)

15. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Ecological Challenge (4) • Impacts through development • Infrastructure (e.g. harbours, roads, bridges, airports) • Waste management (e.g. solid, liquid, gaseous) • Nuclear Waste • Nimbyism – “Not in my backyard”

16. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Global Climate • Global warming • Climate change • Kyoto Protocol • Role of exhaust gases (e.g. CFC, NOx, SOx) • Ozone layer • Greenhouse effect

17. 1. Environmental Issues of Today Technology & Energy • New technologies – friend or foe? • Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) • Alternative energy sources (geothermal, solar, wind, wave, CHP, fuel cells) • Energy efficiency & conservation • Renewable energies (biomass, e.g. wood, fibres)

18. 1. Environmental Issues of Today The Natural Environment • Deforestation • Erosion and desertification • Wilderness areas • Integrated land use & coastal zone management • Environmental management

19. 1. Environmental Issues of Today Sustainable Development (1) • Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (G H Brundtland)

20. 1. Environmental Issues of Today Sustainable Development (2) • The 4 Pillars (economics, environment, sociology, governance) • Dependence on: • a fair global society and • efficient distribution of resources

21. 1. Environmental Issues of Today Sustainable Development (3) • Externalities (Triple Bottom Line Accounting) • Humans as an integral component of the global ecosystem

22. A BACKGROUND IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 2) Environmental Science & Management

23. 2. Environmental Science & Management Environmental Systems and Theory • Laws of natural science • Nature as a system – models for change • Reductionism vs Holism

24. 2. Environmental Science & Management Environmental Systems and Theory • The need for Systems-thinking • Open and Closed Systems • Chaos Theory

25. Inputs and Outputs in an Environmental System

26. 2. Environmental Science & Management The GAIA Hypothesis • Earth as a self-organising system • Uniformitarianism & the origin of the world • The noospheric paradigm

27. 2. Environmental Science & Management The GAIA Hypothesis • Life affects the planet • …for the benefit of Life • ...and does so deliberately (?)

28. 2. Environmental Science & Management Entropy & the Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Energy  Matter; In=Out • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • From useful to less useful = inefficient

29. 2. Environmental Science & Management Entropy & the Laws of Thermodynamics • Entropy • negative entropy – creates order • positive entropy – creates disorder

30. The Earth’s Thermodynamic System

31. 2. Environmental Science & Management The Use of Energy • Supply & Demand • Efficiency, Conservation, Cogeneration • Alternatives and diversification • Material Flow • Life-Cycle Analysis

32. World Energy Consumption

33. Growth of Utilisation of World Wind Capacity

34. 2. Environmental Science & Management The Use of Energy • Supply & Demand • Efficiency, Conservation, Cogeneration • Alternatives and diversification • Material Flow • Life-Cycle Analysis

35. Generated Capacity of Electricity Output

36. 2. Environmental Science & Management Material Flow & Life Cycle Analysis • ‘Cradle-to-Grave’ • Eco-labelling • Resource-use efficiency • Strategic planning of production • Boundary

37. Material Flow & Life Cycle Analysis

38. 2. Environmental Science & Management Ecology, Ecosystems & Biodiversity • Ecology & Ecosystems • Trophic chains and webs • Ecological pyramids • Biomass - numbers, energy flow

39. Pyramid of Biomass

40. 2. Environmental Science & Management Ecology, Ecosystems & Biodiversity • Biodiversity • From genes to species • Extinction, mutation, selection, migration, genetic drift • Genetic-, habitat-, species diversity • Competition & mutual assistance • Symbiosis, parasitism

41. 2. Environmental Science & Management Ecology, Ecosystems & Biodiversity • Interactive processes – recognition, understanding, management

42. Rate of Human Population Growth & The Extinction of Species

43. 2. Environmental Science & Management Biogeochemistry (1) • Cycling of Nutrients in the Biosphere • Sinks – Quantity & time, rate of transformation • Macro-Nutrients – e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur • Micro-Nutrients – e.g. copper, molybdenum, boron

44. General Layout of Biogeochemical Cycle

45. 2. Environmental Science & Management Biogeochemistry (2) • Hydrological Cycle • Role of organisms • Respiration • Photosynthesis

46. Hydrological Cycle

47. 2. Environmental Science & Management Biogeochemistry (3) • Carbon Cycle • Role of organisms • Respiration • Photosynthesis

48. Global Carbon Cycle

49. Carbon Cycle (Detail)

50. 2. Environmental Science & Management Biogeochemistry (4) • Oxygen Cycle • autotrophs • heterotrophs